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A CONCISE 





SCHOOL HISTORY 



OF THE 




UNITED STATES 



BASED ON 



SEAVEY'S GOODRICH'S HISTORY. 



hi J. CAMP 




iii 



rattj JWaps attti otfjet Hlustratfona 



NEW YORK: 
TAINTOR BROTHERS, MERRILL & CO. 

BOSTON : 

WILLIAM WARE & CO. 

{Sl/CCESSORS TO BREWER & TILESTON.} 






$1^ 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, 

By BREWER AND TILESTON, 

In the Office ot the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, 






/ 



PREFACE. 



In preparing this little book, the writer has endeavored to relate 
briefly, but clearly and accurately, the leading events in the history of 
our country. Much care and labor have been expended, with the 
view not only to make a judicious selection of facts, but to present 
them in such a form as to render the work acceptable as a lesson- 
book. 

The effort has been made not only to avoid statements erroneous in 
themselves, but also those which might lead to wrong inferences, or 
in any way give false impressions ; and although events are concisely 
narrated, yet their relative importance has not been overlooked. 

The writer believes that the history of our country deserves a prom- 
inent place in the school-room ; but he is aware of the fact that the 
time which can be devoted to this department of study in common 
and grammar schools, and even in academies, is, in most cases, very 
much limited. Therefore, without intending to dwarf his book to a 
size which would admit "but little more than a full chronology, he has 
kept the narrative within such bounds that the recitation of only two 
pages a day would take the learner to the end of it in less than half 
a year. 

The work differs from many other school histories especially in a 
more sparing use of dates, and in the omission of less important de- 
tails, such as the losses in indecisive or minor battles. The History 
is divided into five Periods, and at the close of each, except the last, is 
found a chapter describing the condition of the country. In these 
chapters much important information is given, which should not be 

passed over by even the smallest histories. 

<3) 



4 Preface. 

The questions at the foot of the pages have heen carefully prepared. 

Those teachers — and there are many such — who prefer to frame 
their own questions, will, it is believed, find an advantage in the plan 
which has been adopted, of printing the leading or key words of the 
paragraphs in a more conspicuous type. This feature, by bringing 
out prominently the leading topics, seems also well fitted to assist the 
learner in preparing his lessons. 

The teacher, it is suggested, should not require the scholar to com- 
mit to memory and recite the language of the text, word for word, but 
rather to gain clear and accurate ideas of the subject, and to express 
them in his own language. 

The maps, with which the work is fully supplied, should be put to 
constant use in the preparation of the lessons. It will be a most 
profitable exercise for the scholars to draw maps upon the blackboard, 
showing the positions of the places named in each lesson. 

Chronological Reviews have been scattered throughout the book, 
one at the end of each Period. These are designed to be studied and 
faithfully committed to memory. Some useful tables have been in- 
serted after the narrative of the events ; also the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence and the Constitution of the United States. To the latter, 
questions have been added, and such explanation of terms and other 
information as might be needed. 

Attention is particularly called to the Review Questions at the close 
of the book. These are of the utmost importance for enabling schol- 
ars to group events and gain a more comprehensive view of them. 
They may be put to use after an entire Period has been studied, or 
sooner, at the teacher's discretion. 

This History is based, in part, on the excellent larger history pre- 
pared, a short time before his death, by that experienced teacher, Mr. 
William H. Seavey, late principal of the Girls' High and Normal 
School of this city. Mrs. Wm. H. Seavey has aided in the prepara- 
tion of this volume, especially by valuable suggestions and criticisms. 

L. J. C. 
Bostox, September 1, 1870. 



LIST OF CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 

Pagt 

Chronological Review from 1492 to 1606 22 

Chronological Review from 1607 to 1763 72 

Chronological Review from 1764 to 1788 112 

Chronological Review from 1789 to 1861 165 

Chronological Review from 1861 to 1879 221 



LIST OF MAPS. 

Known "World in the 15th century 7 

Known "World in the 19th century 7 

Discoveries 11 

European Claims in America 19 

Indian Families and principal Tribes facing 20 

Jamestown and Vicinity 23 

Eastern Colonies 28 

Middle Colonies 43 

Carolinas. • 52 

Intercolonial Wars 56 

Intercolonial Wars 57 

Lake Champlain and Vicinity 64 

War of the Revolution in the South 80 

"War of the Revolution in the North 81 

Boston and Vicinity. 84 

New York and Vicinity 88 

Philadelphia and Vicinity 92 

Burgoyne's Expedition. Saratoga and Vicinity 94 

Yorktown 107 

Country east of the Mississippi at the beginning of Washing- 
ton's administration facing 110 

War of 1812 124 

War of 1812 125 

Baltimore and Vicinity 125 

Niagara Frontier 125 

Vicinity of Detroit 125 

New Orleans and Vicinity 138 

Florida War 142 

Mexican War 149 

General Taylor's March 149 

General Scott's March 149 

Seat of War in Virginia- 172 

War of the Rebellion 184 

Vicksburg and Vicinity 184 

Georgia and South Carolina Coast 184 

War of the Rebellion 185 

Charleston and Vicinity 185 

United States in 1870 following 212 

Territorial Growth following 220 

Review Questions, Appendix, p. 31. (5) 



THE NOKTHMEN IN AMERICA. 

More than six hundred years before Columbus sailed 
to America/ the Northmen, bold sea-rovers, discovered 
Iceland, an island remote from their home in the north 
of Europe, and peopled it. These colonists went from 
Norway. Only a few years after they began to colonize 
this island, one of their vessels was driven, by storms, 
farther to the west, and came in sight of Greenland. 

A little more than a hundred years later, in 986, Eric 
(er'ik) the Red sailed from Iceland, and established a 
colony in Greenland. A very few years afterwards an 
Icelander, named Biorn (be-urn'), seeking Greenland, was 
driven far out of his course by northern gales, and saw 
a much more southern land, covered with forests. This 
was some part of the north-eastern coast of the American 
continent. 

Afterwards exploring and trading voyages were made 
from Greenland and Iceland to the unknown country in 
the south-west. The first explorers, who went out in the 
year 1000, named the most southern tract which they 
visited, Vinland, from finding there vines and grapes. 
Their Vinland was, it seems, the southern coast of New 
England. 

The Northmen found savage tribes in the new coun- 
tries, probably the same race called by other discoverers, 
at a much later date, Indians. They trafficked with the 
savages for furs and skins, and from the " endless forests " 
collected wood; but no permanent settlements were made. 
Those formed in Greenland disappeared, after some cen- 
turies, swept away, it is believed, by epidemics and con- 
flicts with the savages. For a long time the country was 
lost sight of, and remained to be discovered anew. 

We should remember that the Northmen did not know 
that they had discovered a New World. They supposed 
the strange lands they had found, to be part of Europe. 

(6) 



MAPS OF THE KNOWN WORLD. 




THE KNOWN WORLD IN THE 19TH CENTURY. 




THE KNOWN WORLD IN THE 15TH CENTURY. 

The old geographers used to place upon their maps figures of strange 
animals and headless men, as above, to denote that the regions thus 
marked were unknown, and supposed to abound in horrible monsters. 

(7) 



PERIOD I. — DISCOVERIES. 

FROM THE DISCOVERY OF SAN SALVADOR, IN 1492, TO THE 
SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN, IN 1607. 



I. SPANISH EXPEDITIONS. 

1. Christopher Columbus. Amerigo Vespucci, 

1. The discovery of America was made in the year 
1492, by Christopher Columbus, a native of Gen'o-a, in 
Italy. Believing the earth to be a globe, Columbus con- 
ceived the project of sailing west, and thus reaching, by a 
new route, the wealthy regions of the east, called India. 

2. After seeking aid elsewhere 
without success, he applied to 
Ferdinand and Isabella, sover- 
eigns of Spain, to furnish him 
with ships to test his theory. 
For years he fruitlessly urged his 
project upon the attention of the 
Spanish sovereigns. He was an 
elderly man when, at last, the 
queen, Isabella, was persuaded 
to aid him. 

3. On the morning of Friday, 
August 12,* Columbus sailed 

from the harbor Of PaloS [pah!- Christopher Columbua. 

l~s) with three smalt vessels and ninety seamen, and on 
the morning of Friday, October 21, f just ten weeks after 
leaving Spain, he discovered one of the Baha'ma Islands. 
Landing with his men, he set up the royal banner, and took 




* August 3, O. S. 



f October 12, O. S. 



Questions. — 1. When and by whom was America discovered? What project 
did Columbus conceive ? 

2. What is said about his seeking aid ? Who, at length, aided bim? 

3. What can you tell of the sailing of Columbus ? What did he discover ? What 

more can you tell of this expedition i 

(9) 



10 DISCOVERIES. [1492. 

solemn possession of the island for the king and queen of 
Spain, naming it San Salvador. He came to other islands 
soon afterwards, among the rest to Cuba and Hayti (ha'ti). 

4. Columbus supposed the islands which he had discov- 
ered to be a part of India ; and as they lay west from Eu- 
rope, they were called the "West Indies, and their inhabit- 
ants Indians — a name which was afterwards also given to 
She natives of the adjacent continent. 

5. The news which Columbus carried back to Spain cre- 
ated great excitement ; and soon ships, commanded by other 
courageous mariners, sailed for the strange lands in th« 
west. The great navigator himself made three other voy- 
ages. On his third voyage, he reached, in 1498, the main 
land of South America. He died in 1506, a few months 
after his return from a fourth voyage. Long afterwards 
his remains were carried to Cuba, where they now repose. 

6. The New World was named America, from Amerigo 
Vespucci (ah-md-re'go ves-poot'che), a Florentine merchant, 
who accompanied a Spanish expedition which touched the 
coast of South America some months after Columbus had 
discovered it. A narrative written by Amerigo was the 
cause of his name's being given to the western continent — 
an honor which did not belong to him. 

2. The Spaniards in the South. 

*l. It was not long before the Spaniards had taken pos- 
session of the principal islands of the West Indies, and 
from their colonies there they despatched expeditions to 
the main land. Balboa (bahl-bo'ah), in 1513, crossing the 
isthmus which connects North and South America, dis- 
covered the Pacific Ocean, at first called the South Sea. 

8. Not very long afterwards Ma-geFlan, a Portuguese 
in the service of Spain, sailing far south, passed through the 
straits which bear his name, and entered this ocean. He 

4. What names were given to the islands and the inhabitants, and why ? 

5. Effect of the news of Columbus's discovery? What is said of his other voy- 

ages and of his discovery of the main land ? Of his death ? 

6. What can you tell about Amerigo Vespucci and the name America ? 

7. What is said of the Spaniards in the West Indies ? Of Balboa ? 

8. What can you tell of Magellan, and of the first voyage round the world ? 



1581] 



SPANISH EXPEDITIONS. 



11 



called it the Pacific, because he found it so calm and free from 
storms. Magellan was killed by the Indians ; but his vessel 
doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and reached Spain in 1522, 
thus making the first voyage round the world. 

9. Hernando Cortes (kor'tez), with a few hundred sol- 
diers, conquered the rich and populous empire of Mexico 
in 1521, and it became a province of Spain. With a smaller 
force Francisco Pizarro (pe-zar'ro) subjugated Peru — a 
land abounding in the precious metals. 




3. The Spaniards in the United States. 

10. Ponce de Leon (pone'tha da-la-one 1 ), an aged soldier, 
was the first Spaniard who explored any part of what is 
now the United States. He fitt ed out an expedition to 

9. What can you tell of Hernando Cortes and Francisco Pizarro ? 
10. Give an account of Ponce de Leon's expedition. 



12 DISCOVERIES. [1512. 

seek for gold, and also for a fountain whose waters were 
fabled to restore youth. In 1512, on Easter Sunday, called 
by the Spaniards Pascua Florida (pahs-koo'ah jlo-re'dah), 
he came in sight of land, which, from its flowery appear- 
ance and from the day, he named Florida. 

; 11. Some years later Ponce came again to colonize the 
land he had discovered; but the Indians furiously attacked 
the Spaniards, and forced them to take to their ships. Ponce 
was mortally wounded. A Spanish leader, named Narvaez 
(nar-vah'eth), afterwards sailing from Cuba with three hun- 
dred men, attempted the conquest of Florida. Nearly all 
perished. Only four of his company, after long wander- 
ings, reached a Spanish settlement in Mexico. 

12. A rich man named Ayllon (ile-ydne'), with the help 
of a few associates in Hayti, fitted out an expedition in 1520, 
which reached the coast of Carolina. Their object was to 
capture the natives as -slaves. A few years afterwards 
Ayllon endeavored to conquer the country, but was unsuc- 
cessful. Most of his men sickened and died, or were slain 
by the Indians. 

13. The conquest of Florida was next attempted by 
Fernando de Soto (da so' to), a famous commander, and a 
companion of Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru. At the head 
of more than six hundred brave soldiers, De Soto landed on 
the western shore of Florida, and pushed inland. He be- 
lieved that he should find opulent cities to plunder, and a 
land abounding in gold. He found neither cities nor gold. 

14. In the spring of 1541, after wandering two years, and 
marking his course with the blood of the natives, De Soto 
came to the Mississippi River, near the southern limit of 
the present State of Tennessee. Broken in spirit by dis- 
appointments and hardships, he died the next year by the 
side of the great river he had discovered, and was buried 
in its waters. A miserable remnant of the brilliant expedi- 

11. What is said of Ponce's second expedition ? What of Narvaez ? 

12. Give an account of Ayllon's expeditions to the coast of Carolina. 

13. What is said of De Soto and the conquest of Florida ? What did he expect 

to find ? 

14. What is said of his discovery of the Mississippi ? His fate ? His followers? 



1524] FRENCH EXPEDITIONS. 13 

tion that had set out with De Soto at last reached a 
settlement which the Spaniards had already established on 
the western coast of the Gulf of Mexico. 

15. Nearly a quarter of a century later Menendez (ma- 
nen'deth), a fierce warrior, received a commission from 
the king of Spain to conquer and colonize Florida. He was 
also ordered to destroy a colony of French Protestants who 
had lately come into that country.* Immediately after land- 
ing", in 1565, he founded St. Augustine {-teen'), the oldest 
European town in the United States. He next surprised 
the French fort, and put to the sword nearly all the colonists : 
even those who surrendered were massacred. 

16. From Mexico Spanish discovery was extended north- 
ward. Coronado (ko-ro-nah! do) , departing from this prov- 
ince in 1540, with a body of soldiers, explored the country 
about the upper Rio Grande (ri'o grand).f At the same time 
another Spaniard sailed along the coast of California. The 
region which Coronado traversed was afterwards called New 
Mexico, and possession of it was taken for Spain. Santa 
Fe\ its chief town, is, next to St. Augustine, the oldest Eu- 
ropean settlement in the United States. 

II. FRENCH EXPEDITIONS. 
1. Early Expeditions in the North, 

1. The fishing-grounds off the north-eastern coast of 
America were early visited by French ships ; but the first 
explorer sent out by France to the New World was John 
Verrazzano (yer-rat-sah! no) , a Florentine, who made a voy- 
age of discovery, in the service of the French king, in 1524. 
Reaching land, near Wilmington, North Carolina, Verrazzano 
first sailed south some distance, and then north, along the 
coast, to Newfoundland (nu 1 fund-land) . He named the 
country New France. 

* See p. 14, HIT 3, 4. f Spanishpron. re'o-grahn'da. 

15. What commission did Menendez receive, and what was he ordered to do ? 

What was done by him in Florida? Where is St. Augustine? (See Map, p. 19. 

16. What is said of Coronado ? The coast of California ? Of New Mexico and 

Santa Fe ? Where is Santa Fe ? (See Map, p. 19.) 
1. What is said of the first expedition sent to the New World by France ? 



14 DISCOVERIES. [1534. 

2. Ten years later, that is, in 1534, James Cartier (kar- 
te-a') was sent to explore the northern coast of the New- 
World. He entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and claimed 
the adjacent country for his king. The next year he came 
again, and ascended the River St. Lawrence till he reached 
the spot where now is Montreal.- Several years afterwards, 
Cartier and a French nobleman were unsuccessful in an 
attempt to plant a colony in this region. The discoveries 
of Verrazzano and Cartier gave France its claim to the 
northern part of the American continent. 

2, The Huguenots, 

3. Coligny (ko-leen r ye), admiral of France, and a distin- 
guished leader of the Huguenots, — as the French Protes- 
tants were called, — desiring to plant a Protestant colony in 
America, sent out an expedition to our shores in 1562. 
A small fort was built near Port Royal entrance, in South 
Carolina, and thirty men were left as colonists. They fell 
into extreme want, and the next year sailed for France. 

4. A second colony of Huguenots, in 1564, reached the 
mouth of the St. John's, in Florida, and a few miles up the 
river built a fort, which, in honor of their king, Charles (in 
Latin Garolus), they named Fort Caroline. Several hun- 
dred other colonists soon came over with Ribault (re-bo 1 ), 
who had led the first expedition. But Spain claimed the 
country, and the Spaniard, Menendez, as we have told, 
captured the fort in 1565, and slaughtered the greater part 
of the colonists in the most cruel manner. 

A French nobleman, named Gourgues (goorg), who was 
a deadly enemy to the Spaniards, fitted out an expedition 
to avenge this horrible deed. He sailed to Florida, as- 
sailed the Spanish forts on the St. John's, and put to death 
the garrisons. Gourgues then sailed home again, and Florida 
remained a Spanish province. 

2. What is said of two voyages by James Cartier ? What was attempted several 

years afterwards ? Upon what did the French base their claim to the 

northern part of America ? 
3.* Who sent out a colony of French Protestants, and when ? What can you tell 

of this colony ? 
4. Where and when was a second colony of Fuguenots established ? Fate of 

this colony ? What revenge was taken for the cruel deed of Menendez? 



1497.] ENGLISH EXPEDITIONS. 15 



3, Acadia, 

5. A considerable period elapsed before the French at- 
tempted to plant another colony in America. Early in the 
seventeenth century, the king of France granted to Do 
Monts (duh mawn[g'])* a territory, called Acadia, extending 
from the southern part of Pennsylvania to the northern part 
of Nova Scotia. Under this grant the first permanent French 
settlement in America was made in 1605, on the western coast 
of Nova Scotia, and named Port Royal. With the expedition 
of De Monts came Samuel de Champlain [sham-plane'), 
afterwards the able leader of the French colonists of Canada. 

III. ENGLISH EXPEDITIONS. 
1. The Cabots. Francis DraJce. 

1. England was the first to compete with Spain for the 
honors and advantages of western discovery. John Cab'ot 
and his son Sebastian, sailing in behalf of the English king, 
in the summer of 1497 fell in with land, which is believed 
to have been the coast of Labrador'. Thus the continent 
of America was discovered by Cabot more than a year 
before Columbus saw it. The next year Sebastian Cabot 
made another voyage, and explored the coast from Labrador 
to Albemarle Sound, North Carolina. 

2. The great sea-captain Francis Drake was the first 
Englishman who visited the western coast of America. 
Passing through the stormy Straits of Magellan, Drake sailed 
along the coast of California. Claiming the country for Eng- 
land, he named it New Albion. He then steered boldly out 
into the Pacific, and reached home in 1579, by the way of 
the Cape of Good Hope ; and thus has the honor of being 
the first Englishman who sailed round the world. After hia 
return home Queen Elizabeth knighted him. 

* This nasal sound stops before the sound ng is formed. 

5. What is said of Acadia ? Of Port Royal ? Of Samuel de Champlain ? 

1. What is said of England in connection with western discovery ? Give a*, 

account of Cabot's discovery of the continent of America. What is said of 
another voyage ? 

2. What can you tell of Francis (afterwards Sir Francis) Drake's voyage? 



DISCOVERIES. [1585. 

2. Attempts to form Settlements, 

3. About this time Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by permis- 
sion of Queen Elizabeth, endeavored to plant a colony in 
America. The enterprise was unsuccessful. On his homo 
ward voyage, while a violent storm was raging-, Sir Hum- 
phrey sat on deck calmly reading. To those in the other 
and stronger vessel he cried out, "Be of good heart, my 
friends ; we are as near to heaven by sea as by land." In that 
storm his frail bark went down, and all on board perished. 

4. His half brother, Sir Walter Raleigh (raw'li), another 
adventurous sailor and accomplished gentleman, now ob- 
tained a commission from Elizabeth, and despatched Am'idas 
and Barlow, with two small vessels, to make explorations. 
They reached the coast of North Carolina, and spent a short 
time trafficking with the natives. On their return home they 
gave a brilliant description of the country, and the name of 

Virginia was bestowed upon it, in honor of Elizabeth, the 
Virgin Queen. 

5. The next year, namely/ in 1585, Raleigh sent out 
a colony, with Ralph Lane as governor. They landed on 
Roanoke Island, in Albemarle Sound, where they remained 
nearly a year, when they were glad to be taken to England 
by Sir Francis Drake, who stopped there on his way home 
from the West Indies. Another colony sent out by 
Raleigh, with John White as governor, arrived at Roanoke 
in 1587. White soon went to England for supplies, leaving 
more than a hundred colonists, among them his infant grand- 
daughter, Virginia Dare, the first child born of English 
parents within the limits of the present United States. 
When he returned, after three years, the colonists had dis- 
appeared. They were never heard of more. 

6. In 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold (goz'nuld) visited the 
coast of New England. He discovered Cape Cod, and 

3. What can you tell of Sir Humphrey Gilbert ? 

4. What is said of Sir Walter Raleigh, and the exploring expedition sent out by 

him ? Why was Virginia so named ? 

5. When did Raleigh send out his first colony, and what was the result ? When did 

his second colony reach Roanoke ? What further is said of these colonists ? 
6 What can you tell of Gosnold's voyage ? What of other explorers ? 



1602.] CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 17 

named it from his catching a great number of codfish there. 
On one of the Elizabeth Islands he built a fort and a store- 
house, with the design of leaving a small colony ; but before 
he sailed, those who were to remain became faint-hearted 
and discontented ; so all embarked for England. Gosnold 
carried home a very flattering account of the country, and 
other explorers, after a year or two, followed in his track. 

3. North and South Virginia, 

7. England was now ready to take possession of her 
claims in America. Accordingly James I. granted, under 
the name of Virginia, a territory between the 34th and 45th 
degrees of north latitude — that is, from Cape Fear to the 
northern limit of the coast of Maine — to two companies. 
The southern portion, called South Virginia, was granted 
to the London Company, whose prominent members lived 
in London. The northern portion, called North Virginia, 
was granted to the Plymouth. Company, whose prominent 
members lived in Plymouth. 

8. Each company sent out colonists in 1607. Those 
who came to the present Virginia effected .a permanent 
settlement, those who landed in Maine abandoned the 
country the next year. These events will be related in 
the next Period. 

CONDITION, AT THE CLOSE OF THIS PERIOD, OF WHAT 
IS NOW THE UNITED STATES. 

1, Progress of Discovery . 

1. At the beginning of this Period the existence of the 
American Continent was unknown in Europe. When first 
discovered, it was supposed to be a part of Asia ; but those 
who sailed upon the Pacific Ocean proved it to be widely 
separated from that country. A hundred years had elapsed 

7. What is said of an English grant to territory in America? Name the com- 

panies receiving the grant and give residence of prominent members. 

8. What can you tell of colonists sent out by these companies ?. 

1. When first discovered, what was America supposed to be ? What was aft- n 
wards proved ? What was the object of many of the early navigators ? 

2 



18 DISCOVERIES. 

since the last voyage of Columbus, and the general outline 
of the continent, except at the extreme north, had now been 
determined. Various voyages, which we have not men- 
tioned in this little History, had been made to the Western 
World. The object of many of the early navigators was to 
find a passage through to the Pacific Ocean. This was 
called the North-west Passage, and was long sought for. 

2. Claims of Spain, France, and England. 

2. Spain, England, and France claimed, at the close of 
this Period, in right of the discoveries and explorations of 
their famous navigators, the immense region known as 
North America. The Spanish claim above the southern 
boundary of the present United States extended indefinitely 
northward, under the name of Florida on the east, and New 
Mexico in the interior and on the west. In these provinces 
Spanish settlements had been made at St. Augustine and 
Santa Fe\ 

3. The French claim extended southward, under the 
name of Acadia, to the latitude of Philadelphia, and under the 
name of New France, indefinitely. The French had estab- 
lished a colony at Port Koyal. The English claim, as 
made by the charter of Virginia, was based on the discov- 
eries of the Cabots, and included regions claimed by both 
France and Spain, but not those actually occupied by them. 

3, The Aborigines or Indians. 

4. When the Europeans first landed upon the shores of 
the New World they found it an almost unbroken wilder- 
ness. There were herds of deer living in the depths of 
the forests, together with bears, wolves, panthers, beavers, 
foxes, and many other wild animals. A countless number 
of buffaloes fed in the grassy plains. 

5. This country was also the native home of numerous 
tribes of men, called by the Europeans, Indians, each tribe 

2. What nations claimed North America ? What is said of the Spanish claim J 

3. What is said of the French claim? Of the English claim ? 

4. What was the condition of the New World at the time of its discovery ? 
6. Who inhabited America ? What is said of the number of the Indians i 



20 DISCOVERIES. 

under its own sachem or chief. The number of the Indians, 
when the English came to settle this country, is not known ; 
but it probably did not exceed two hundred thousand in 
that part of the United States east of the Mississippi. 

6. The natives were generally tall, straight, and well- 
formed. Their skin was of a cinnamon or copper-brown 
color ; and from this reddish hue they are sometimes called 
Red Men. They had long, black, coarse hair, a scant 
beard, and high cheek-bones. Their eyes were small, deep- 
set, and snaky. By way of ornament they sometimes 
painted their faces and bodies with streaks and with 
hideous devices. 

*J. They lived in wigwams or huts, made of poles or 
branches of trees, erected so as to converge at the top, and 
covered with mats or pieces of bark. For their food they 
depended, for the most part, upon the wild beasts they 
killed and the fish they caught. Sometimes the women, 
or squaws, would raise a little patch of corn or beans, 
cultivated with a hoe, made, perhaps, from a clam-shell, or 
a moose's shoulder-blade, fastened into a handle. The 
squaws had to do all the work; they were the slaves and 
drudges of their lazy lords. In summer the Indians wore 
only a little piece of deer-skin around the loins ; but in 
winter they clothed themselves with the undressed skins 
of deer and other wild animals. 

8. These men of the woods were very revengeful if any 
injury was done them ; and, on the other hand, it is said, 
they seldom forgot a benefit. War, they thought, was the 
most honorable employment. Armed with war-clubs, toma- 
hawks or stone hatchets, and bows and arrows, they would 
go stealthily through the forest, to rush upon their enemy 
when least expected. The one who could show the greatest 
number of scalps, torn from the heads of his foes, was 
considered the bravest warrior. 

9. Sometimes, when they took a prisoner, they would 

6. What is said of the bodily appearance of the Indians ? 

7. Give some account of their dwellings. Their food. Squaws. Dress. 

8. What is said of their disposition ? Their employment ? Their custom in war? 

9. How would they sometimes torture a prisoner ? His behavior ? 



* 



sr 



"fd 



~n 



INDIAN FAMILIES 

prinoipal trues 

East of the Mississippi. 




CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 21 

burn him at the stake by a slow fire, and torture him horribly 
in every way. It was great glory for the dying warrior to 
bear all without any signs of anguish. He would shout out 
his death-song, and with his last breath taunt his tor- 
mentors with their want of skill in torturing, and deride 
them as squaws and cowards. 

10. They had no books, but they sometimes commu- 
nicated with each other by rude figures traced on bark or 
rocks. Their language being destitute of abstract terms, 
caused the frequent use of metaphors in speech, such as 
may be derived from familiar appearances of nature and the 
habits of animals. 

11. As to the religion of the Indians, we are told that 
they believed there were good and bad spirits in the in- 
visible world; that there was a superior Being, whom they 
called the Great Spirit ; and that the human spirit, released 
from the body, speeded away to the happy hunting-grounds. 
The origin of the Indians is involved in obscurity. It is 
most generally supposed, however, that they originated in 
Asia, and migrated from that country to America across 
Behring's (beer'ingz) Straits. 

10. How did they sometimes communicate with each other ? What is said of 

their language ? 

11. What is said of the religion of the Indians ? Of the origin of the Indians ? 

See Map facing p. 20. 

The IndianB who lived in the United States, east of the Mississippi River, hava 
been divided into eight groups or families. Three, the Natchez, the TJ'cnees, 
and the Catawbas, possessed but a small space of territory. 

The range of the Cher'okees was wider; that of the Iroquois (Ir'o-kwoi), or 
Five Nations, wider still. This last group occupied the northern part of New 
York, from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. The names of the Five Nations were 
the Mohawks, the Oneidas (o-nl'dahs), the Onondagas (on-on-daw'gahs), the 
Cayu'gas, and the Sen'ecas. At a later period the Tuscaro'ras, a kindred nation, 
from North Carolina and Virginia, joined them. 

The Mobilians (mo-bil'yanz), composed of Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, and 
Seminoles (sem'i-nolz), lived in the extreme southern region, and occupied a space 
of territory more extensive than that of the Iroquois. 

But the largest domain of all was that of the Algonquins. It extended 
entirely around that of the Iroquois, and on the Atlantic from the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence to Pamlico Sound. To this group belonged all the Indians living io 
New England, the Powhatans', the Illinois, the Chippewas, the Sacs and Foxes, 
the Ottawas, and many other well-known tribes. 

The Da-ko'tas, or Sioux (soo), dwelt, for the most part, west of the Mississippi 
but one tribe, the Winneba'goes, established itself east of the river and west o 
Lake Michigan. — Chiefly from Dr. Palfrey's History of New England. 



22 CHRONOLOGY. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 

Note. — The figures at the end of the paragraphs refer to the pages upon which 
the events are mentione \. 

1492. Columbus discovered America, 9. 

1497. John and Sebastian Cabot discovered the continent of America, 

probably Labrador, 15. 

1498. Columbus discovered the continent of America, 10. 

1499. Amerigo Vespucci, from whom America was named, visited the 

Western Continent, 10. 

1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida, 11. 

1513. Balboa discovered the Pacific, at first called the South Sea, 10. 

1520. Magellan discovered the Straits of Magellan, and entered and 

named the Pacific Ocean. One of his ships completed the first 
circumnavigation of the globe in 1522, 10. 

1521. Cortes completed the subjugation of Mexico, 11. 

1524. Verrazzano explored the coast of America from North Carolina 
to Nova Scotia, 13. 

1534. Cartier explored the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 14. 

1541. Coronado explored the country about the upper Rio Grande, 13. 
De Soto discovered the Mississippi, 12. 

1562. The Huguenots attempted to form a settlement in South Car- 
olina, 14. 

1564. The Huguenots attempted to form a settlement in Florida, 14. 

1565. St. Augustine, the oldest European town in the United States, 

was founded by Menendez, 13. 
1579. Drake visited the western coast of North America, named it 
New Albion, and claimed it for England, 15. 

1584. Raleigh sent out, under Amidas and Barlow, an expedition, which 

reached the coast of North Carolina. The country was named 
Virginia, 16. 

1585. Raleigh attempted to plant a colony at Roanoke, 16. 
1587. Raleigh again attempted to plant a colony at Roanoke, 16. 
1602. Gosnold discovered and named Cape Cod, 16. 

1605. Port Royal (now Annapolis), Nova Scotia, was settled by the 

French, 15. 

1606. James I. granted the Charter of Virginia, 17. 



1607] 



VIRGINIA. 



23 



PERIOD II. 
SETTLEMENTS AND INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 

FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN, IN 1607, TO THE BEGIN* 
NING OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD, IN 1764. 

I. VIRGINIA. 

1. In May, 160 7, a colony of one hundred and five per- 
sons, under the auspices of the London Company, began the 
settlement of Jamestown, on the James River, in Virginia. 
This was the first permanent English settlement in America. 

2. It was not long be- 
fore the colonists began 
to experience severe trou- 
bles. They were, for the 
most part, poor gentlemen 
and broken-down trades- 
men, unused to labor, 
many of them despising it. 
Their provisions were un- 
wholesome, and the spot 
where they landed was un- 
healthy. Soon the air was 
filled with the complaints 
and groans of the sick. 
Before autumn near half 
of their number had per- 
ished, among them Bar- 
tholomew Gosnold, a leading spirit of the enterprise. 

3. Under the first charter the colony was governed by 
two councils, the superior one resident in England, the 
other, which managed local affairs, resident in the colony. 
The local council had power to choose a president, who was 
lo be the chief officer in the colony. 

Questions. — 1. Name the first permanent English settlement in America, 

When, where, and by whom was it made ? 
I. What can you tell about the character of the colonists and the hardships they 

had to undergo ? How many perished before autumn ? 
ft. Under the first charter, how was the colony governed ? 




24 SETTLEMENTS. [1607. 

4. Wingfield, the first president, was soon accused of 
misconduct in office, and, although he vigorously defended 
himself against the charges, was deposed. At length the 
management of affairs was intrusted to Captain John Smith, 
the ablest man of all. He was of a bold and roving dis- 
position, and his life had been full of the most exciting and 
romantic adventures. He became the master-spirit and 
the preserver of the colony. 

5. Smith explored the neighboring country, and forced 
the Indians to supply him with corn. A well-known story- 
is related of his escape from death at their hands. We 
are told that on one of his expeditions he was taken 
prisoner by the Indians, and brought before their great 
chief, Pow-hat-an' ; and that a council of grim warriors, 
arrayed in their best attire, was held to determine the 
fate of the captive. They decided that he should be put 
to death. His head was placed upon a stone, and two 
strong Indians had raised their clubs to strike the fatal 
blows, when Po-ca-hon'tas, Powhatan's daughter, a youjg 
and beautiful girl, sprung to the side of Smith, clung to 
his neck, and begged her father to spare his life. Her 
prayer was granted, and Smith was allowed to return to 
Jamestown. 

6. We do not know that this story of Captain Smith and 
the young Indian princess is true ; but we do know that 
there was an Indian maiden by the name of Pocahontas, 
who was a daughter of Powhatan, and that, several years 
after this event is said to have occurred, she was married 
to an Englishman named John Kolfe, with whom she visited 
England, where she was treated with great favor. 

7. More settlers came over from England, but they were 
of the same sort as the former. They would neither build 
nor plant, but wasted their time searching for gold. At 
last Smith made a rule that all should work six hours a 

4. What is said of the first president ? What of Captain John Smith ? 

5. llelate the well-known story of Smith's capture by the Indians, and his 

rescue by Pocahontas. 

6. What is said of this story ? What do wc know about Pocahontas ? 

7. What is said of new settlers ? What rule did Smith make ? 



I610.J VIRGINIA. 25 

day. "He that will not work," Smith said, "shall not 
eat." A better state of things soon began to prevail. 

8. Two years after the founding of the colony the London 
Company obtained a second charter from the king. The 
territory granted by this charter extended along the coast 
two hundred miles north of Old Point Comfort, and the 
same distance south, and throughout the land from sea to 
sea. The council in England was now authorized to ap- 
point a governor for the colony. 

9. About this time Smith returned to England, and his 
departure was the signal for disorder and idleness. The 
Indians became hostile. All the provisions were quickly 
consumed, and the horrors of famine ensued. This period, 
in 1610, was long remembered as the starving time. Some 
of the English were killed by the savages ; others sailed 
away to turn pirates. Smith left in the colony near five 
hundred persons; within a few months the number was 
reduced to sixty. 

10. In this time of extreme distress Lord Delaware, the 
new governor, arrived with men and provisions, just in sea- 
son to prevent the wretched colonists from abandoning the 
country. By his judicious management matters presently 
wore a better aspect. From time to time the company 
sent over emigrants, by whom the soil was successfully 
cultivated and new settlements were formed. 

11. A third charter was granted in 1612. The control 
of affairs, heretofore committed by the king to a council, 
was now given to the Company. Till 1619 the colonists 
had no voice in making their laws ; but that } r ear, under the 
administration of Sir George Yeardley (yard'li), they were 
allowed to elect representatives (called burgesses), who 
convened at Jamestown, and formed the first legislative as- 
sembly in America. 

8. What territory was granted by the second charter ? What was the council in 

England now authorized to do ? Where is Old Point Comfort ? (See Map.) 

9. What happened to the colonists after Smith's return to England ? 

10. Who arrived in the time of extreme distress ? What was prevented ? What 

is said of Delaware's management? What of new emigrants ? 

11. When was a third charter granted, and what change was then made in the 

control of affairs ? When and under what governor, did the first legislative 
assembly in America convene ? 



26 SETTLEMENTS. [1620. 

12. In the year 1619 a Dutch ship, from Africa, landed 
twenty negroes at Jamestown, who were sold as slaves for 
life. The arrival of this first ship-load of negroes marks 
the beginning of negro slavery in the English colonies of 
America. In the same year nearly a hundred young Eng- 
lish women, of good character, were sent over, and sold to 
the planters for wives. The price of a wife was a hundred 
and twenty pounds of tobacco, — this being the cost of her 
passage across the ocean. Afterwards, when more came 
over, the price was somewhat higher. Tobacco had already 
become a staple product for export to England. 

13. The colony was in a flourishing condition, when, in 
1622, it experienced a stroke which nearly proved fatal. 
Opeehancanough (op-e-Jcan'ka-no), a bold and wily Indian 
chief, laid a plot to destroy all the whites at a single blow. 
The Indians professed the warmest friendship. " Sooner," 
said they, " shall the sky fall than peace be violated on 
our part ; " but at midday they fell upon the unsuspecting 
settlers, and massacred nearly three hundred and fifty per- 
sons. Jamestown and a few of the neighboring settlements 
were saved by the warning of a Christian Indian. 

14. The English immediately rose against the savages, 
destroyed many of them, and drove the rest far into the 
wilderness. Somewhat more than twenty years after this 
massacre the Indians made another attack, by which several 
hundred colonists lost their lives. Again the savages were 
pursued and killed without mercy. 

15. Dissatisfied with the proceedings of the London 
Company, the king wrongfully took away its charter, and 
made Virginia a royal province in 1624. The governor and 
council were to be appointed by the crown, but the colony 
was permitted to retain its legislative assembly. So long 

12. When and how was negro slavery introduced ? How were the colonists sup- 

plied with wives ? Price of a wife ? What of tobacco ? 

13. What can you tell of a plot to destroy the English ? How many whites were 

massacred, and how were some of the settlements saved ? 

14. How did the English avenge this massacre ? When was another attack made, 

and with what result ? 

15. When, and for what cause, was Virginia made a royal province ? What is paid 

of the government of the colony ? What of the right of the colonists to elect 
representatives ? Conduct of some of the royal governors ? 



1676.] VIRGINIA. 21 

as the colonists had the right to elect their representatives 
to help make laws, the principle of popular liberty was pre- 
served. This right was the more precious as the conduct 
of some of the royal governors was odious and oppressive. 

16. During the time of the Commonwealth in England, 
after the execution of King Charles I., Virginia enjoyed the 
highest measure of freedom and prosperity ; but after mon- 
archy was restored, in 1660, a different state of things began 
to prevail. Certain laws of England, called the Naviga- 
tion Acts,* secured to the mother country a rigorous 
monopoly of colonial commerce. Besides this grievance the 
Virginia planters had others. While Sir William Berkeley^ 
was governor, exorbitant taxes were levied, and the people 
were much restricted in their liberties. To make this state 
of affairs worse, a war began with the Indians. 

17. The tyrannical course of Berkeley, and his neglect 
to provide for defence against the savages, caused many 
of the planters, in 16*76, % to rise against his government, 
under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon. During this outbreak, 
known as Bacon's Rebellion, the governor was driven from 
Jamestown, which was burned by the insurgents, to prevent 
its again being a harbor for the enemy. In the midst of his 
successes Bacon suddenly died, and as there was no one to 
fill his place, the popular forces dispersed. Berkeley re- 
gained his power, and cruelly wreaked his vengeance on 
those who had opposed him. 

18. Notwithstanding these troubles, and the greedy and 
arbitrary dispositions of many of the governors after Berke- 
ley's time, tlie colony continued to grow and prosper; but 
its history henceforth, till the beginning of the French and 
Indian War, is marked by no events of sufficient impor- 
tance to be noticed in these pages. 

* See Navigation Acta, p. 71, IT 8. t berk'tt. 

% One hundred years before the Declaration of Independence. 



16. What was the state of things in Virginia during the time of the Common. 

wealth ? What after monarchy was restored in England ? What is said of 
the Navigation Acts and other grievances while Berkeley was governor ? 

17. What caused an outbreak, and when did it occur ? What more can you tell oi 

Bacon's Rebellion ? 

18. What is said of the colony of Virginia after Bacon's Rebellion ? 



28 



SETTLEMENTS. 



[1607. 




II. MASSACHUSETTS. 
1» North Virginia, The Council for New England. 

1. The same year in which Jamestown was settled, the 
Plymouth Company attempted to plant a colony in America. 
A party of emigrants, under George Popham (pop' am), 
landed near the mouth of the Kennebec River, in Maine, 
and erected a fort ; but discouraged by the severe cold of 
the winter and the death of their leader, they returned the 
next year to England. 

2. Seven years later, in 1614, Captain John Smith, so 
famous in the early history of "Virginia, came again to 
America, sailing from England with two ships, for the pur- 

1. Give an account of an unsuccessful attempt to plant a colony in Maine. What 

fort did the emigrants erect ? Ans. Fort St. George. 

2. What expedition was undertaken to America in 1614 ? What coast did Smith 

explore, and what name did he give the country ? 



1620.] MASSACHUSETTS. 29 

pose of trade and discovery. He examined the coast from 
the Penobscot River to Cape Cod, made a map of it, and 
named the country New England. 

3. The old Plymouth Company was dissolved in 1620, and 
a new company formed, called the Council for New Eng- 
land.* To this company the king, James I., granted, under 
the name of New England, the territory between the 40th 
and 48th degrees of north latitude, — that is, from the 
southern part of Pennsylvania to near the middle of New- 
foundland, — and extending westward from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific. But this country was destined to be first set- 
tled by Englishmen, without permission from either the 
Council or the king. 

2. Colony of Plymouth. 

4. A company of Puritans, as certain dissenters from 
the Church of England were called, to escape persecution 
at home, fled to Holland. After some years they determined 
to remove to the wilderness of America, that they might fol- 
low their own ideas of worship and government. 

5. Accordingly they embarked for Southampton, Eng- 
land, where they were joined by others from London. 
They set out at first in two vessels, the Speedwell and the 
Mayflower. But the Speedwell springing aleak, they twice 
put into port, the last time at Plymouth, where that ship 
was dismissed as unseaworthy. The Mayflower finally set 
sail alone for the New World, having on board one hundred 
and two of the Pilgrims — men, women, and children. After 
a long and stormy voyage, they entered harbor at Cape Cod. 

6. Before landing, the male immigrants signed a compact, 
by which they formed themselves into a body politic, and 
declared that they would enact just and equal laws for the 

* Also called the " Council of Plymouth." 

3. When was the old Plymouth Company dissolved, and what company took its 

place ? What territory was granted to the Council for New England ? 

4. Who were the Puritans, and where did some of them take refuge? What did 

they determine to do, and why ? 

5. What occurred at Southampton ? After the Puritans set out for the New 

World, what occurred ? How many Pilgrims sailed in the Mayflower? 
What of the voyage ? Meaning of the word Pilgrim ? 
t What took place before landing ? Who were the most prominent Pilgr*nasT 



30 SETTLEMENTS. [1620. 

general good, and obey them. The most prominent among 
the colonists were John Carver, who was chosen to be the 
first governor ; William Bradford, the second governor ; 
the cultivated Edward Winslow; William Brewster, their 
ruling elder, and Miles Standish, their military leader. 

7. Many days were spent in selecting a spot for a set- 
tlement. The last of the exploring parties, sent out from 
the Mayflower, landed December 21,* 1620, at Plymouth, 
and here all the Pilgrims came, a few days afterwards, and 
began the first permanent settlement in what is now called 
New England. 

8. They suffered severely during the first winter. Many 
fell sick with colds and lung fevers. When in March, as it 
is recorded, '"a south wind brought fine weather, and the 
birds sang in the woods most pleasantly/ the sun shone 
and the birds sang over many graves. 77 Within four months 
from the time of their landing, nearly half of the little band 
had perished, among these Governor Carver. 

9. Fortunately the Indians did not molest them during 
the time of their severest trials. Massasoit', "the chief of the 
Wampano'ags " (worn-), formed a treaty of friendship with 
them, which was not violated for more than fifty years — till 
King Philip's War. Canon'icus, the powerful chief of the 
Narragansetts, was at first hostile, but the determined course 
of Governor Bradford caused him to conclude that it was 
best to be on friendly terms with the white men. 

10. The spring after their arrival the Pilgrims began to 
till the ground ; but, during the first three years, they often 
suffered from the want of food. Afterwards they raised 
corn enough for themselves, and had some to trade with 
the Indians for furs. The colony of Plymouth grew very 
slowly. In 1692, by command of the English king, it was 
united with that of Massachusetts Bay. 

* New Style, or December 11, Old Style. Owing to an error made in changing 
the date from Old to New Style, the anniversary has commonly been celebrated 
on the 22d. 

7. When and where was the first permanent settlement in New England made ? 

8. What is said of sickness and death among the Pilgrims ? 

9. What of the Indians ? Of Massasoit ? Of Canonicus ? 

10. What did the Pilgrims do in the spring ? Their condition afterwards ? To 
what colony was the colony of Plymouth united, and when ? 



1628.] MASSACHUSETTS. 31 

3. Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 

11. In the year 1628, John Endicott and a small party 
of Puritans settled at Salem, and thus laid the foundation 
of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay. These emigrants were 
sent out from England by a company which had obtained a 
grant of land from the Council for New England.* 

12. The next year King Charles I. granted the company 
a charter.f More colonists were now sent over, some of 
whom settled at Charlestown. In a short time the pro- 
prietors decided to transfer the charter and powers of 
government from England to the colony in America. The 
wisdom of this policy was seen in the increased number of 
emigrants who now sought homes in the new land. About 
a thousand, with the excellent John Winthrop as governor, 
came over in 1630, and founded Boston, and other neighbor- 
ing settlements. Winthrop ably managed affairs. Not 
only while he was governor, but at all times the welfare 
of the colony was first in his thoughts. 

13. The colonists suffered severely in many ways, as had 
those at Plymouth ; but their privations and distress were 
overcome by their energy and fortitude. From time to 
time the colony was increased by the arrival of Puritans, 
who sought safety from persecution in England, and many 
new towns were settled. 

14. The chief officers of the colony were a governor, a 
deputy governor, and assistants, sometimes called magis- 
trates. After the settlements became numerous, the towns 

* This grant comprised the lands extending from a line three miles north of 
every part of the Merrimack River, to a line three miles south of the Charles 
River, and from ocean to ocean. 

t The patent from the council gave tin company the territory, the charter from 
She king secured to the company the rignt to choose officers and make laws. 

11. What is said of the settlement at Salem, and of the emigrants sent there ? 

Whence is the name of Massachusetts derived ? Ans. From the name of a 
tribe of Indians, — the tribal name probably signifying great hill people. 

12. What was obtained from the king the next year ? What of new colonists ? 

What was decided in regard to the charter and powers of government? 
Result of this policy ? What of John Winthrop and other emigrants ? 

13. What is said of the sufferings and privations of the colonists ? How was the 

colony increased ? ^^ 

14. What officers of the colony are mentioned ? Who alone were voters f WhiU 
wish had the Fathers of Massachusetts ? 



32 



SETTLEMENTS. 



[1635. 



were allowed to send deputies to assist in making laws. 
The legislative body formed by these various officers was 
called the General Court. Among the rules adopted was 
this — that only church members should be allowed to vote 
for the civil officers. This rule existed for many years. 
The Fathers of Massachusetts wished to found a religious 
commonwealth. 




Log-house of an early Settler. 

15. The Puritans living on Massachusetts Bay were soon 
disturbed by dissensions. The first serious contest was 
with Eoger Williams, a young minister of Salem. His 
opinions in regard to civil and religious affairs being con- 
sidered dangerous, the magistrates banished him from the 
colony. But they were soon much more alarmed and 
troubled by the conduct of Mrs. Ann Hutchinson. She held 
meetings, and taught doctrines which most of the Puritans 

5. What is said of dissensions ? Of Roger Williams ? Of Mrs. Ann Hutchinson f 



1643.J MASSACHUSETTS. 33 

believed to be false and pernicious. At last, determined to 
have peace in the community, they banished her and the 
most obnoxious of her followers. 

16. Severer punishments were inflicted upon the Quakers, 
who were filled with fanatical zeal, and very unlike the 
Quakers of our day. They began to come to Massa- 
chusetts in 1656. The first who came were sent away; but 
soon others appeared. Some of the Quakers were whipped, 
some put into* prison, some had the right ear cut off, and 
four, who came again and again into the colony, were 
hanged. But these cruel measures of the Puritans did not 
keep away their disagreeable visitors, and after a few years 
such penalties were not inflicted. 

17. Very early in the history of Massachusetts care was 
taken to provide for education. When Boston was only 
six years old, the General Court appropriated four hundred 
pounds to found a college. This, the oldest college in 
America, was established at Cambridge, and named after the 
Rev. John Harvard, who, dying in 1638, gave it several 
hundred pounds and his library. Not many years after 
this, it was ordered that each town of fifty families should 
maintain a school to teach reading and writing, and each 
town of a hundred families should set up a grammar school. 
It would be difficult to estimate too highly the good which 
has resulted from these wise orders. 

18. Impelled by a sense of common danger from the 
Indians, and by the encroachments of the Dutch and the 
French,* the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, 
Connecticut, and New Haven, in 1643, formed themselves 
into a confederacy, styled the United Colonies of New 
England. This league for mutual protection is famous in 
our colonial history. It continued more than forty years. 

* The Dutch in what is now New York, and the French upon the eastern 
frontier of the English colonists. 

16. Describe the first Quakers in Massachusetts. When did they begin to come ? 

What cruelties were inflicted upon them ? Effect ? 
17- What is said of education in the early history of Massachusetts ? What of 

Harvard College ? What of schools in towns ? 
18. What confederacy was formed in 1643, and for what causes ? How long - did 

this league continue ? 

a 



34 SETTLEMENTS. [1676. 

19. In 1675, a hundred years before the beginning of 
the Revolution, a terrible contest, called King Philip's 
War, began with the Indians. King Philip, as the English 
named him, was the son and successor of the friendly Mas- 
sasoit, chief of the Wampanoags. His home was at Mount 
Hope, in Bristol, Rhode Island. For several years the 
colonists had suspected him of being unfriendly, and of 
plotting for their destruction. The immediate cause of the 
war was the execution of three Indians, by* the English, for 
the murder of an Indian who had come to them and ac- 
cused Philip of hostile intentions. Furious with rage, 
Philip's men began hostilities, in which they were" joined 
by most of the New England tribes. 

20. For more than a year this savage warfare spread 
devastation and ruin among the scattered settlements of 
the English. Connecticut alone, of all the New England 
colonies, escaped its ravages ; yet she liberally contrib- 
uted to the common defence. The principal battle, known 
as the swamp fight, took place in a swamp, in South Kings- 
ton, Rhode Island, where the powerful Narragansetts were 
defeated with great slaughter. The death of Philip, who 
was shot by an Indian fighting on the side of the whites, 
brought the war to a close, except in Maine, where it lasted 
some time longer. This contest broke the spirit of the New 
England Indians. 

21. Many complaints having been made to the king, 
Charles II., that Massachusetts had violated the Naviga- 
tion Acts, and in other respects had disregarded the royal 
authority and the laws of England, he determined to take 
away her form of government. To carry out this design 
the highest English court, in 1684, declared the charter of 
Massachusetts null and void. The colony now lay at the 
king's mercy. 

19. When did King Philip's War begin ? Who was Philip, and where did he live ? 

Give an account of the origin and beginning of the war ? 

20. What was the nature of this warfare, and how long did it last ? What of 

Connecticut ? Where, and with what tribe, was the principal battle fought? 
What of the death of Philip ? Result of the contest to the Indians ? 
SI. What complaints were made against Massachusetts to the king ? With what 
result? What can you tell of the Navigation Acts ? (See p. 71, 1T8) 
How and when was the charter of Massachusetts declared null and void I 



1692.] MASSACHUSETTS. ^3 

22. The king dying before he had time to adjust colonial 
affairs, his successor, James II., sent over Sir Edmund 
Andros as governor of all New England. For more than 
two years the people endured Sir Edmund's tyrannical sway ; 
but in 1689, when news reached the colonies that the kins' 
had been driveu from the throne, the inhabitants of Boston 
seized Andros and put him into prison. The colonies of New 
England then resumed their former modes of government. 

23. William. and Mary, successors to James II., granted 
a new charter to Massachusetts, in 1691, by which the 
limits of the province were so extended as to embrace the 
Plymouth colony. Maine and Nova Scotia were also placed 
under her jurisdiction. But this charter was far less liberal 
than the old; the governor and other high officers were 
hereafter to be appointed by the king. In May, 1692, Sir 
William Phipps arrived from England, as the first gov- 
ernor under the new charter, which he brought with him. 

24. At this time there prevailed in Massachusetts that 
strange delusion, known as the Salem Witchcraft. Some 
girls in Danvers, then a part of Salem, were, or pretended 
to be, strangely affected, and they accused certain persons 
of bewitching them. Those whom they " cried out" 
against were arrested, and soon, new accusers arising, the 
mania spread throughout the community. 

25. Within a few months twenty persons were tried and 
executed; more than fifty were frightened into confessing 
themselves guilty, and the jails were full of prisoners. 
Accusations fell upon some high in social position before 
the people began to come to their senses. At length the 
frenzy spent itself ; those in prison were liberated, and the 
awful tragedy closed. In that age the belief in witchcraft 
was common in all civilized countries. 



22. Who was sent over as governor of New England ? How long did the people 

endure Sir Edmund's rule ? How and when waa it terminated ? 

23. What happened to Massachusetts in 1691 ? How did the new charter differ 

from the old ? Who was the first governor under the new charter ? 

24. What prevailed in Massachusetts in iC92? Give an account of the origin and 

progress of the delusion. 

25. How many persons were executed, and how many confessed themselves 

guilty ? What is said of accusations and of the close of the tragedy ? What 
is said of the belief in witchcraft in that asre ? 



36 SETTLEMEN TS. [1623. 

4. Maine. 

26. The first settlers in what is now the State of Maine 
were fishermen, who built a few huts here and there along 
the coast, but a little while after the landing of the Pilgrims 
at Plymouth. 

27. In 1639 Sir Ferdinando Gor'ges obtained a royal 
charter, constituting him lord proprietor of a tract of land 
reaching from the Piscataqua to the Kennebec. This ter- 
ritory he called the Province of Maine* The charter made 
good a grant which Gorges had already obtained from the 
Council for New England. 

28. But Massachusetts also claimed to the Kennebec, and 
after some years asserted her jurisdiction over the district. 
At length the claims of the heir of Gorges were bought 
by Massachusetts, and in the course of time the region 
farther east was joined to that province. Maine continued 
a part of Massachusetts till 1820. 

III. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

1. Two years after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plym- 
outh, Sir Perdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason 
obtained from the Council for New England a grant of lands 
lying between the Merrimack and the Kennebec. In the 
following year, 1623, the proprietors sent out a few col- 
onists, and two settlements were made — one near Ports- 
mouth, and the other at Dover. 

2. The partnership between Gorges and Mason being 
dissolved, the latter, in 1629, obtained a new grant for a 
territory between the Merrimack and the Piscataqua, and 

* This eastern country had been called the Mayne [main! land in distinction from 
the islands along- the coast, and thus the province probariy obtained its name. 

26. Who were the first settlers of Maine ? 

27. What royal charter did Sir Ferdinando Gorges oh tain in 1639 ? Where is the 

Piscataqua ? the Kennebec ? the Merrimack ? (See Map, p. 28.) What did 
Gorges call his province ? What grant had Gorges previously obtained ? 
Whence does Maine derive its name ? See note above. 

28. What is said of Massachusotts and this district ? What of the region farther 

east ? Till what year was Maine connected with Massachusetts ? 

1. What grant of lands was obtained by Gorges and Mason ? When and where 

were the first settlements made in New Hampshire ? 

2. What new grant did Mason obtain in 1629 ? Whence does New Hampshire 

derive its name ? See note, p. 37. Under whose jurisdiction did the settle 
meats in New Hampshire place themselves ? 



1632.] CONNECTICUT. 31 

named it New Hampshire* The feeble settlements of New 
Hampshire voluntarily placed themselves under the juris- 
diction of Massachusetts in 1641, and under her charge 
they continued for nearly forty years. 

3. In 1679 New Hampshire was made a royal province 
— the first so constituted in New England. Afterwards 
it was united with Massachusetts for a long time, so far as 
to have the same governor, but with its own legislative 
body and laws. A final separation took place in 1741, just 
a hundred years from the first union. 

4. The settlers of New Hampshire were harassed for 
many years by lawsuits, brought against them by those into 
whose hands Mason's claim to the soil had come. At length 
the long controversy was ended, the claimants under 
Mason's grant consenting to take only the unoccupied 
portion of the province. 

IV. CONNECTICUT. 

1. The soil of Connecticut f was assigned to Lord Say 
and Seal, Lord Brooke, and others, in 1632, by the Earl of 
Warwick, who was president of the Council for New Eng- 
land. The earl had already received, or was expecting to 
receive, a grant of this territory from the Council. Before 
the proprietors could take possession of the lands which 
they had thus obtained, others had begun to occupy them. 

2. Some years after the Dutch had formed settlements in 
what is now New York, they built a fort where Hartford 
stands, and began to buy furs of the Indians. In the autumn 
of the same year, namely, 1633, Captain Holmes (homz), 
with a party of men from the Plymouth colony, sailed up 
the Connecticut. When he reached the Dutch fort, the 

* After the county of Hampshire, England, in which Mason lived. 
t So named from the Indian name of its principal river — a word signifying 
long river. 

3. What is said of New Hampshire as a royal province ? What of a later connec. 

tion with Massachusetts ? When did a final separation take place ? 

4. How were the settlers of New Hampshire long harassed ? How was the con. 

troversy settled ? 

1. When and by whom was the soil of Connecticut assigned ? What is said of 

the Earl of Warwick's right to this territory? Whence does Connecticut 
derive its name ? See note above. 

2. Give an account of the Dutch in Connecticut and of Capt. Holmes's expedition. 



38 SETTLEMENTS. [1635. 

officer in command there ordered him to stop ; but Holmes 
kept on, and erected a trading-house at Windsor. 

3. The colonists on Massachusetts Bay had also heard 
of the rich meadow-lands in this region, and emigrants 
from the neighborhood of Boston, making their way across 
the wilderness, began the settlement of Connecticut in ear- 
nest in 1635, at Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hartford. 

4. But the largest emigration took place the next sum- 
mer, when about a hundred persons, of both sexes and all 
ages, led by their pastor, Thomas Hooker, " the light of 
the western churches/' came through the pathless forests, 
driving their herds of cattle before them. Most of this 
company settled at Hartford. The settlements in these 
parts formed the Connecticut Colony. 

5. Meanwhile John Winthrop, son of the Massachusetts 
governor, had come over from England, as the agent of 
Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brooke, and the other proprietors. 
He built a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut in 1635, and 
here a settlement, called Saybrook, was made. After a few 
years the Saybrook Colony was united with the Connecti- 
cut colony, farther up the river. 

6. The year 1637 is marked in the history of Connecticut 
by the Pequot War, the first contest in New' England be- 
tween the whites and the Indians. The Pequots were the 
most formidable Indian nation in New England. They had 
murdered, with horrible cruelty, many of the colonists, when 
Captain John Mason, with a small force of Englishmen and 
friendly Indians, marched against their principal stronghold 
in the south-eastern part of Connecticut. The savages were 
attacked by surprise, but they fought desperately till their 
fort and wigwams were set on fire. Few indeed escaped, 
while hundreds perished in the flames and by the weapons 
of the colonists. The war was soon ended, but not till the 
Pequots had ceased to exist 'as a people. 

3. Give an account of the settlement of Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hartford. 

4. Give an account of the emigration under the Rev. Thomas Hooker. What did 

the settlements on this part of the Connecticut form ? 
6. What can you tell of John Winthrop and the Say hrook colony ? 
6. When did the Pequot war break out ? Who were the Pequots, and what had 

they done to the colonists ? Tell what you can about Mason's expedition, 

and the result of the war to the Pequots. 



1665.] CONNECTICUT. 39 

t. The founders of the Connecticut colony, finding them- 
selves beyond the bounds of Massachusetts, organized a 
government for themselves, modelled on that of Massa- 
chusetts, but more liberal, since the right of voting was not 
restricted to church members. 

8. New Haven was founded in 1638, by emigrants under 
the lead of John Davenport, a distinguished minister from 
London, and Theoph'ilus Eaton, an eminent London mer- 
chant. This and the neighboring towns, which were settled 
soon after, were known as the New Haven Colony. The 
Scriptures were adopted here as the rule in public affairs, 
and only members of the church were voters. 

9. Both the colonists at New Haven and those on the 
Connecticut came near having a strife in arms with the 
Dutch, in New Netherland, who claimed the soil as far as, 
and even beyond, the river; but the disputes were finally 
settled without bloodshed. Fear of these neighbors, as we 
have already said, was one of the causes for forming the 
Confederacy of the New England colonies. 

10. In the year 1665, under a charter granted three 
years before by the English king, Charles II., Connecticut 
and New Haven were united, and styled the Colony of Con- 
necticut. The charter was so liberal, that the privileges 
conveyed by it almost amounted to colonial independence. 
A little more than twenty years later, Andros, "glittering 
in scarlet and lace/' landed at Boston, as governor of New 
England. Within a year he appeared at Hartford, and, dis- 
solving the colonial government, asserted his own authority. 

11. A story relates that Andros, at this time, demand- 
ing possession of the charter, a discussion arose, which was 
prolonged into the evening, when the precious writing was 
brought in and laid upon the table. Suddenly the lights 

7. What is said about the government of the Connecticut colony ? 

8. Give an account of the founding of New Haven. What of the government of 

the New Haven colony ? 

9. What is said of difficulties with the Dutch ? 

10. When, and under what charter, were the colonies of Connecticut and New 

Haven united ? What further is said of this charter r What is said of Andros 
at Boston and at Hartford ? 

11. Relate the story of the hiding of the charter. When was the charter govern 

ment resumed .' 



40 SETTLEMENTS. [163a 

were extinguished ; when they were rekindled the chartel 
had disappeared. Captain Wads worth had taken it away, 
and secreted it in the hollow trunk of an oak, afterwards 
known as the Charter Oak. The charter government was 
resumed after news came that Andros had been deposed 
in Boston. 

V. RHODE ISLAND. 

1. The founder of Rhode Island was Roger Williams, 
who was banished from Massachusetts. He left his home, 
and for more than three months was a wanderer in the 
wilderness, " sorely tossed in a bitter winter season/' as 
he says, " not knowing what bread or bed did mean." 

2. At last, with five associates who had joined him, he 
went to a point of land above Narragansett Bay, and made 
a settlement, which he called Providence, to express his 
confidence in " God's merciful providence to him in his 
distress." This was in 1636, the same year in which Hooker 
and his company migrated to Connecticut. Williams bought 
of the Narragansett sachems, Canonicus and Mianton'omoh, 
lands to be occupied by his colony. 

3. He was soon followed by other exiles from Massa- 
chusetts. By his advice some friends of the celebrated 
Mrs. Hutchinson purchased of the Indians the island now 
called Rhode Island,* and settled there, founding Ports- 
mouth, in 1638, and the next year Newport, now so famed 
as a sea-side resort. Both the Providence colony and that 
of Rhode Island granted religious freedom to all. This was 
the great idea that Roger Williams advocated. His liberal 
views and kind heart have gained him an honored name. 

4. Williams went to England, and obtained from Padia- 

* The Dutch had called this island, from its reddish appearance, JRoodt Eylandt 
— Red Island. This became the English Rhode Island. 



1. Who was the founder of Rhode Island ? What is said of Williams after his 

banishment ? 

2. What can you tell of the settlement of Providence ? 

3. Give an account of the settlement of Portsmouth and Newport. What is said 

of religious freedom in the colonies of Providence and Rhode Island ? What 
of Roger Williams ? Whence does Rhode Island derive its name ? See note. 

4. What is said of a charter from the English Parliament? What was the ch> 

tin gui suing feature of the government ? 



1609.] NEW YORK. 41 

"nent, then controlling public affairs, a charter, by which 
the two colonies were united. Religious toleration was 
the distinguishing feature of the government which the 
colonists afterwards organized. 

5. The settlements prospered, and Charles II., in 1663, 
granted to them, under the name of the Rhode Island and 
Providence Plantations, a royal charter, as liberal as that 
of Connecticut. This was set aside by Andros, but after 
his overthrow it was resumed, and henceforth, till a very 
recent date, was the only constitution of Rhode Island, as 
the colony came to be called. 

VI. NEW YORK. 
1, New YorJc under the Dutch* 

1. Henry Hudson, an Englishman, sailing in the service 
of a company of Dutch merchants in 1609, to find a north- 
ern passage to India, explored part of the eastern coast 
of America, entered New York harbor, and ascended to a 
considerable distance the noble river which now bears his 
name. The Dutch claim to territory in America was based 
upon the discoveries of Hudson. 

2. Dutch ships were soon sent out to the newly dis- 
covered river, and a traffic for furs was begun with the 
Indians. A few huts to shelter traders were built on Man- 
hattan Island,* and a fortified trading-house was erected in 
1614, within the limits of the present city of Albany. 

3. Actual colonization began in 1623, under the patron- 
age of a great trading association, called the Dutch West 
India Company. Permanent settlements were then made 
at New Amsterdam, now New York, and Fort Orange, where 
now stands Albany. The region claimed by the Dutch 
reached, under the name of New Netherlands from the south- 
ern shore of Delaware Bay to the peninsula of Cape Cod. 

* The site of New York city. f T ^ e th of Netherland pron. as th in this. 

5. When was a royal charter obtained, and what is said of it ? 

1. Who was Henry Hudson, and what exploring 1 voyage did he make in 1G09 f 

Upon what was the Dutch claim to territory in America based ? 

2. What is said of Dutch ships ? Of traders and a fortified trading-house ? 

3. When and how was actual colonization begun ? What permanent settlement 

were then made ? What region was claimed as New Netherland ? 



42 SETTLEMENTS. [1626. 

4. Peter Minuit (min'u4t) arrived in 1626 as governor 
of New Netherlands During his administration the com- 
pany adopted a scheme to promote colonization. Any 
one who would plant a colony of fifty persons was allowed 
to select lands many miles in extent, which should descend 
to his posterity forever. Such as availed themselves of this 
privilege were called patroons, or lords of the manor. 

5. The next governor was Wonter Van Twiller. During 
his time the English made their first settlements in Con- 
necticut, and thus entered upon territory claimed by the 
Dutch. The controversy which now began with the English 
settlers in Connecticut was continued by Sir William Kieft 
(keeft), who succeeded Van Twiller. 

6. But an Indian war was Kieft's most serious trouble. 
His treatment of the natives was marked by extreme 
cruelty, and they, with the fury of revenge, wasted the 
settlements, nearly all of which were destroyed before the 
long and bloody contest ended. 

T. The last and ablest Dutch governor was Peter Stuy- 
vesant (sti T ves-ant). He arranged a boundary with the 
English in Connecticut, and conquered a colony of Swedes, 
'on the Delaware, who were, the Dutch claimed, within the 
bounds of New Netherland. 

8. The English had never ceased to regard New Nether- 
land as belonging to them, on the ground of the dis- 
coveries of the Cabots, and therefore King Charles II. 
made a grant of it to his brother, the Duke of York 
and Albany (afterwards King James II.), and Colonel 
Nic'olls and despatched, with a fleet, to take possession of 
the province. 

9. When the English ships entered the harbor of New 

4. When dirt Peter Minuit arrive, and what scheme to promote colonization was 

adopted ? 

5. Who was the next governor ? What was done by the English during his time ? 

Who succeeded Van Twiller ? 

6. What is said of an Indian war in New Netherland ? 

7. Who was the last and ablest governor of New Netherland ? What proceedings 

of his are mentioned ? 

8. How did the English regard New Netherland ? What grant was made, and 

what measures taken, to gain New Netherland for the English ? 

9. What can you tell of the capture of New Amsterdam? 



1864.] 



NEW YORK. 



43 



Amsterdam, Stuyvesant, who was a stout old soldier, re- 
solved to defend the city to the last. But the people 
thought that resistance would be useless, and refused to 
tight the invaders. Hence Stuyvesant was obliged to yield. 

2. New YorJc under the English, 

10. The 
whole prov- 
ince was re- 
duced with- 
out a battle, 
and thus, in 
1664, New 
Netherland 
came under 
the domin- 
ion of Eng- 
land. The 
country and 
its chief city 
were named 
New York. 
The settle- 
ment at Fort 
Orange was 
called Al*- 
bany. It is 
reckoned 
that New 
Netherland, 
at the time 
of its sur- 
render, con- 
tained ten thousand inhabitants. 




10. In what year did the English conquer New Netherland ? What namesdid the 
English give to the province and the two principal settlements ? Whence 
doe"s New York derive its name ? Ans. It was so named in honor ot the 
Duke of York and Albany. Number of inhabitants in all New Netherland t 



44 SETTLEMENTS. [1683. 

11. Colonel Nic'olls was the first English governor of 
New York. The colonists were sadly disappointed in the 
hope which they had had of obtaining greater freedom under 
the new rule. Hence they did not regret it when, after a 
few years, a Dutch squadron appeared in the harbor of 
New York, and compelled the surrender of the city. But 
after little more than a year, in 1614, the province was 
restored to the English, and Edmund Andros was appointed 
governor. Several years later Andros was recalled ; but he 
was again sent to America, as has been told, to play the 
tyrant in New England. 

12. In the year 1683 the colonists of New York were 
granted a right which they had long ardently desired. The 
governor, by permission from the Duke of York, called an 
assembly of representatives of the people. The duke not 
long afterwards becoming king of England, under the title 
Of James II., refused to allow the people to hold their 
assembly ; but this state of things lasted only a few years, 
and then the colonists again helped make their own laws. 

13. About the close of this century pirates were infest- 
ing almost all seas. William Kidd, a New York ship- 
master, was sent with an English ship to cruise against 
them. But soon Kidd himself turned pirate, and became 
the most notorious of them all. After a long cruise he 
returned to the colonies, and was seen in the streets of 
Boston. The Earl of Bellamont, who was then governor 
of both New York and Massachusetts, caused Kidd to be 
seized and sent to England, where he was hanged. 

14. In the year 1?41 the city of New York was thrown 
into dreadful alarm. Many fires having taken place, a 
report was circulated that the negroes had devised a plot 
to burn the town, murder the citizens, and take the govern- 
ment into their own hands. Without sufficient proof that 
any plot of this kind existed, more than thirty negroes 

11. What of Colonel Nicolls and the colonists ? After a few years what took 

place ? When was New York restored to the English ? What is said ol 
Edmund (afterwards Sir Edmund) Andros i 

12. What can you tell of an assembly of representatives ? 

13. Relate the story of William Kidd. 

14. Give an account of the supposed negro plot in New York city. 



1664.1 NEW JERSEY. 4£ 

were condemned and burned at the stake or banged. The 
existence of any real plot is doubtful ; but it is certain that 
many innocent persons were put to a cruel death. When they 
were tried no one was willing to say a word in their defence. 

VII. NEW JERSEY. 

1. The territory included in New Jersey was a part of 
the grant made by King Charles II. to the Duke of York, 
and came into the possession of the English with the rest 
of New Netherland. But even before the surrender of the 
Dutch the duke had conveyed New Jersey* to Lord John 
Berkeley {berk'li) and Sir George Car'teret. 

2. While the Dutch held sway over this territory, they 
formed a few feeble settlements within its limits. As early 
as 1623 they erected a fort on the east side of the Delaware 
River ; and still earlier, it is asserted, they had a trading- 
post at Bergeri.f But the settlement made at Elizabeth in 
1664, by persons from Long Island, is generally regarded 
as the beginning of colonization in New Jersey. 

3. The following year the proprietors sent over Philip 
Carteret, as the first governor. The liberal constitution 
which they granted the colonists, together with the mild- 
ness of the climate and the fertility of the soil, soon induced 
many people from New England and New York to settle 
in the province. 

4. Lord Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to certain 
English Quakers ; after the purchase, a party of this sect 
made a settlement at Salem. The province was now 
divided into East and "West Jersey — the eastern portion 
becoming Sir George Carteret's property, the western that 
of the Quaker proprietors. 

5. In 1682, after Carteret's death, East Jersey was sold 

* It was so named in honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of 
the Island of Jersey. f 9 m Berge n sounded as g iu get. 

1. In what grant was the territory of New Jersey included ? Whence does New 

Jersey take its name ? See note above. 

2. Give an account of the Dutch in this territory. What is considered the be- 

ginning of the colonization of New Jersey ? 

3. Who was the first governor ? What induced colonists to settle in New Jersey > 
I. What is said of Quakers ? How was the province divided ? 

I. To whom was East Jersey sold ? Who settled in New Jersey ? 



46 SETTLEMENTS. [163a 

to William Penn and other Quakers. English Quakers, 
Puritans from New England, and Dutch colonists formed 
settlements in New Jersey. Many Scotch Presbyterians, 
fleeing from their native land to escape persecution, also 
became planters in this province. 

6. The various proprietors surrendered the government 
of East and West Jersey to the crown in 1702. The two 
Jerseys were then reunited as a royal province, and placed 
under the same governor with New York. In 1138 the 
king appointed Lewis Morris governor of New Jersey only, 
and from this time the government of the province was kept 
entirely distinct from that of New York. 

VIII. DELAWARE. 

1. The permanent colonization of the present State of 
Delaware* was begun in 1638, by a company of Swedes 
and Finns, conducted by Peter Minuit, who had been 
governor of New Netherland. The plan of founding a 
colony in America for the benefit of all persecuted Chris- 
tians had been formed by the famous Protestant king, 
GustaVus Adolphus, of Sweden. He was killed in battle, 
but the colonists were sent to carry out his wish. 

2. They purchased of the Indians a tract of land on the 
Delaware, and near the present site of Wilmington made 
their first settlement, which they called Christina (kris- 
te'nah), after the young Queen of Sweden. Afterwards 
more colonists arrived, and other settlements were made 
farther up the river. The territory lying along the western 
shore of Delaware Bay and River, as far as the falls at 
Trenton, was named New Sweden. 

3. The Dutch claimed this region as a part of their New 
Netherland, and built a fort a few miles from Christina. 

* The state takes its name from Lord Delaware, one of the governors of Virginia. 

6. When did New Jersey become a royal province? In what way, and till what 
year, was its government connected with that of New York ? 

1. When and by whom was Delaware colonized ? Whence does Delaware derive 

its name ? See note above. What plan had Gustavus Adolphus formed ? 

2. Where was the first settlement made, and what called? Other settlements? 

Extent and name of the Swedish province ? 

3. What can you tell of the conquest of New Sweden by the Dutch ? 



1634.] MARYLAND. 47 

This fort the Swedish governor seized; but his success 
cost him dear, for Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of New 
Netherland, soon came with a force and conquered the 
whole province. Such of the inhabitants as swore al- 
legiance to Holland were allowed to stay; the rest were 
sent out of the country. Thus, in 1655, New Sweden came 
to an end. 

4. When the Duke of York took possession of New 
Netherland, the territory west of the Delaware became 
part of the province of New York. In the year 1682, 
the duke having sold it to William Penn, it became part of 
Pennsylvania, and was known as " the territories, or three 
lower counties, on the Delaware." Twenty years later this 
district was so far separated from Pennsylvania as to have 
a distinct legislative assembly, but the same governor pre- 
sided over both colonies till the Revolution. 

IX. MARYLAND. 

1. Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, ob- 
tained from King Charles I. of England a grant of a tract 
of land east of the Potomac, and along the shores of 
Chesapeake Bay. It was the wish of Lord Baltimore to 
provide a place of refuge for Roman Catholics, then per- 
secuted in England. His territory was called Maryland* 

2. This nobleman dying before the charter had been 
issued, it was made out in favor of his son, Cecil Calvert, 
who inherited his father's title. He sent out his brother, 
Leonard Calvert, as governor, with about two hundred 
colonists, who arrived in 1634, and began the settlement of 
St. Mary's, near the mouth of the Potomac. 

3. The charter created Lord Baltimore and his heirs 

* Named in the charter Terra Mariae (Mary's Land), in honor of the queen, 
Henrietta Maria. Terra is a Latin word, meaning " a land." 

4. What is said of the territory west of the Delaware when the English seized 
New Netherland ? To whom was it sold, and when, and what was it called ? 
What further is said of this district ? 

1. What grant did the first Lord Baltimore obtain ? His wish ? Whence doe* 

Maryland derive its name ? See note above. 

2. To whom was the charter issued ? What settlement was made, and whe» f 
8. What is said of the charter ? 



48 SETTLEMENTS. [1640. 

" lords and proprietors " of the province ; but it also 
granted to the colonists the right of choosing representa- 
tives for a legislative assembly. The proprietor of Mary- 
land was a Roman Catholic; but the colonists were allowed 
to worship God as they pleased, and after some years, in 
1649, the assembly sanctioned this wise policy by a law, 
called the Toleration Act, which declared that no one pro- 
fessing to believe in Jesus Christ should be molested on 
account of his religion. 

4. A man by the name of William Clayborne, who had 
lived in Virginia, caused a great deal of trouble in the 
colony. He made the first settlement in Maryland on 
Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, as early as 1631. The 
English king had given him a license to trade with the 
Indians. After the colonists came, he attempted, by force 
of arms, to withstand the authority of Lord Baltimore ; but 
he was overcome, and forced to flee. Some years after- 
wards he reappeared in Maryland, and, inciting a rebellion, 
obliged the governor to take refuge in Virginia, where he 
obtained troops who helped him suppress the revolt. 

5. But the contests of the Protestants and the Roman 
Catholics caused much more serious trouble in the colony. 
After the Puritans in England had overthrown monarchy 
there, those in Maryland disregarded the rights of Lord 
Baltimore, and, having obtained the power, they ungrate- 
fully ordained that no Catholic should be entitled to the 
protection of the laws. Civil war followed, and the Prot- 
estants were victorious. But after a very few years the 
government was restored to Lord Baltimore. 

6. For a long period the mild and liberal principles of 
the proprietor held sway in Maryland, and the colony- 
became very prosperous. But when William and Mary 
came to the throne of England this tranquillity was in- 
terrupted. The delay on the part of the governor to pro- 

3. What of religious freedom and the Toleration Act ? 

4. Who caused much trouble in Maryland ? What is said of the first settlement? 

What more can you tell of Clayborne ? 

5. What can you tell of trouble between the Protestants and Roman Catholics ? 

6. What is said of a prosperous period ? What of an absurd rumor? How ana 

when was Maryland made a royal province ? 



1682.] PENNSYLVANIA. 49 

claim the new sovereigns, and an absurd rumor that the 
Catholics were plotting the destruction of the Protestants, 
roused the latter to seize the government, which remained 
in their hands until the king, in 1691, deprived Charles 
Lord Baltimore (son of Cecil the founder of Maryland) of 
his political rights as proprietor, and Maryland became a 
royal province. 

1. In the year 1*715 Maryland was restored to the infant 
heir of Lord Baltimore. It remained a proprietary prov- 
ince until the Revolution, when the people assumed the 
government, and confiscated the rights of the proprietor. 

X. PENNSYLVANIA. 

1. An extensive tract of land west of the Delaware River 
was granted to William Penn, in 1681, by Charles II. of 
England, and named by the king Pennsylvania* After 
receiving his patent from the king, Penn obtained from 
the Duke of York a grant of the "territories or three lower 
counties " now forming the State of Delaware. 

2. The father of William Penn was a distinguished 
English admiral. When he died the government owed him 
a large sum of money, and in payment of the debt the 
province in America was granted to his only son. This 
son belonged to the society of Friends, or Quakers, who 
at that time were despised and persecuted in England. 
He desired to found a colony where freedom and peace 
could be enjoyed by all. 

3. Colonists were sent out to the new province by the 
proprietor, and in 1682 he himself came over, and was 
soon followed by a large number of emigrants, chiefly 
Quakers. The Swedes and Dutch, who had already settled 
on the banks of the Delaware, and elsewhere within the 

* Perm's Woodland. Sylva is a Latin word, meaning " a wood." 

7. What occurred in 1715 ? What more can you tell of Maryland ? 

1. What grant of land did William Penn obtain, and when ? Tell who named 

Pennsylvania, and give the meaning of the name. What grant did Penn 
obtain from the Duke of York ? „,..». 

2. What can you tell of William Penn's father ? To what society did William 

Penn belong ? His object in founding a colony ? 
S. What is said of colonists ? Who had already settled within Penn's domain.'' 

4 



50 SETTLEMENTS. [1682. 

bounds of Penn ? s domain, were not disturbed, but were 
allowed the same privileges as the English. 

4. The government which Penn established for his 
province was marked by a spirit of great liberality. The 
people chose their own representatives for an assembly to 
aid in making laws. It was agreed that no one who 
believed in "one Almighty God " should be molested for 
his religious opinions. 

5. Soon after his arrival, Penn made his famous treaty 
with the Indians. He met them under a great elm by the 
side of the Delaware, in what is now a part of Philadelphia. 
After hearing the words of peace and kindness with which 
he addressed them, the Indians declared that they would 
live in love with William Penn and his children as long as 
the sun, moon, and stars should endure. The treaty thus 
established remained uninterrupted for more than seventy 
vearg — till Pennsylvania had passed from the control of 
the Quakers. 

<6. Near the close of the year 1682 Penn laid out a 
capital for his province, and named' it Philadelphia — a 
name which signifies brotherly love. Before the end of the 
next year it contained nearly a hundred houses. None of 
the other colonies planted in America had so rapid and 
prosperous a growth as Pennsylvania. 

1. The affairs of his province caused Penn a great deal 
of trouble. The laws which the assembly made were often 
not to his mind, and the settlers were unwilling to pay the 
small rent by which the proprietor hoped to remunerate 
himself for the large sums of money he had spent in found- 
ing his colony. 

8. He was also harassed by a controversy with Lord 
Baltimore, in respect to the boundary between Pennsylva- 
nia and Maryland. This question was not settled till two 
eminent surveyors, named Mason and Dixon, came over 

4. What can you tell of the government established by Penn ? 

5. Give an account of Penn's famous treaty with the Indians. 

6. What is said of the founding- of Philadelphia, and its growth ? 

7. How did the affairs of his province give Penn trouble ? 

8. What controversy harassed Penn ? Tell all you can of Mason and Dixon's line. 



1663.] NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 51 

from England, long after Penn's death, and determined the 
line separating Pennsylvania from Maryland and Virginia. 
This is famous in American history as "Mason and Dixon's 
line," and was, till a recent day, a bound for the free and 
the slave states. 

9. Penn died in 1*718, leaving a name conspicuous among 
those which designate the benefactors of the human race. 
His sons became proprietors of the flourishing colony he 
had founded, and appointed deputies to administer the 
government. At the beginning of the American Revolu- 
tion the people of Pennsylvania purchased the proprietary 
claims for more than half a million of dollars. 

XL NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

1. In 1663 Lord Clarendon, and seven other persons of 
high rank, obtained from their king, Charles II. of England, 
a patent for a vast territory south of Virginia. The king 
afterwards enlarged the boundaries of this province, which 
was named Carolina * 

2. The proprietors of Carolina found that planters from 
Virginia had already settled on the northern shore of 
Albemarle Sound. The very year in which the grant was 
made, a liberal government was instituted for this little 
plantation, which received the name of the Albemarle 
Colony. In 1665 a company from Barbadoes (bar-ba' doze) , 
formed a settlement near the mouth of Cape Fear River. 
This was called the Clarendon Colony. Both of these set- 
tlements were within the present limits of North Carolina. 

3. In 16 TO a third colony, called the Carteret Colony, 
was founded by emigrants from England. The colonists 
sailed into Ashley River, and began their first town ; but ten 

* In honor of the English king, Charles (Latin Carolus) II. 

9. How was the colony governed after Penn's death ? What did the people of 
Pennsylvania do at the beginning of the Revolution ? 

1. What can you tell of the grant of Carolina ? Whence do the Carolinas derive 

their names ? See note above. 

2. What settlement had already been made ? What name was given to this plan- 

tation ? What can you tell of the Clarendon colony ? What is Barbadoes ? 
Ans. It is a small island in the south-eastern part of the archipelago formed 
by the West Indies. Where is Cape Fear River ? (See Map, p. 52.) 

3. Give an account of the Carteret colony and the founding of Charleston. 



52 



SETTLEMENTS. 



[1680. 



years later they removed to a point of land between the 
Ashley and Cooper Rivers, and there laid the foundation of 
the present city of Charleston. 




4. Most of the inhabitants of the middle, or Clarendon 
colony, removing after a few years to Charleston, the af- 
fairs of the province were administered by two govern- 
ments — one for the northern, or Albemarle, and another 
for the southern, or Carteret colony. Thus were created 
the two colonies of North and South Carolina. They were 
increased by people from New England, and Dutch families 
from New York. The persecuted Huguenots of France and 
Puritans of England also came to find homes in the Carolinas. 

5. Both colonies suffered much from wars with the 
Indians. In the year 1111, the Tuscaro'ras in North 



1. How were the three colonies reduced to two, and what was thus created . ? 

What colonists came to Carolina ? 
S. Give an account of the war with the Tuscaroras in North Carolina. 



1733.] GEORGIA. 53 

Carolina, suddenly fell upon the whites and massacred 
many persons. By the aid of a force from South Carolina 
the savages were conquered, and soon afterwards they 
migrated north, and joined the Iroquois of New York, form- 
ing the sixth nation of that powerful confederacy. A few 
years later the Yam'as-sees and other Indians attacked 
the settlers in South Carolina, but they were subdued after 
some severe fighting. 

6. In 1729 the two Carolinas, which had hitherto been 
considered as one province, were separated, and the pro- 
prietors having ceded to the crown their rights of govern- 
ment and seven eighths of the soil, North and South Carolina 
became distinct royal provinces. So they remained till the 
Revolution. 

XII. GEORGIA. 

1. To James O'glethorpe, an officer in the English army, 
belongs the honor of founding in America a refuge for the 
poor of his own country, and the persecuted of all nations. 
In 1732 George II. granted to him and twenty associates, 
" in trust for" the poor," the territory between the Savan- 
nah and the Altamaha (al-ta-ma-haw')* This territory was 
named Georgia, in honor of the king. 

2. Oglethorpe himself led the first colony, numbering 
about one hundred and twenty-five persons. They landed 
early in 1733, and began to build the town of Savannah, 
on the southern bank of the river of the same name. 

3. The project of founding a colony for poor debtors, 
and other indigent persons, excited great interest, and 
many benevolent Englishmen gave money in aid of the 
enterprise. More emigrants soon followed the first com- 
pany. A band of German Lutherans and a party of 

* After the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ending King George's war, the St. 
Mary's was made the southern boundary of Georgia. 

5. Where did the Tuscaroras go after this war ? What is said about the Yamassees 

in South Carolina ? 

6. When and how did the two Carolinas become distinct royal provinces. 

1. What is said of James Oglethorpe ? What grant of land was made to him and 
associates ? 



54 SETTLEMENTS. [1808. 

Scotch Highlanders formed thriving settlements in Georgia ; 
but the colonists sent over from England were, for the 
most part, idle, thriftless, and discontented. The trustees 
surrendered their charter to the crown in H52, and Georgia 
became a royal province. 

XIII. THE FRENCH AND THE SPANIARDS. 

1. While the English were taking possession of a nar- 
row strip along the coast from Maine to Georgia, the 
French were exploring the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, 
the Mississippi, and their tributaries. 

2. Champlain, " the father of New France," founded 
Quebec in 1608, and thus began the settlement of Canada, 
which became the principal French province in America. 
The next year he discovered the lake that still bears his 
name. In the northern and central parts of New York 
dwelt the Iroquois, or Five Nations, of all Indians the 
most powerful and warlike. Champlain made alliances 
with tribes hostile to them, and invaded their country. 
Hence the Five Nations became bitter enemies to the 
French, and fought them with the greatest fury ; but they 
held the English as friends. 

3. In the summer of 1673, James Marquette (mar-ket'), 
a French Jesuit, and Louis Joliet,* with five of their coun- 
trymen, entered the Mississippi from the Wisconsin, and in 
two birch-bark canoes, floated down its current below the 
mouth of the Arkan'sas. Nine years afterwards, in 1682, 
the adventurous and daring La Salle (lah-sal') completed 
the discovery of the great river of the west by descending 
to its mouth. Naming the whole region drained by it and 
its branches Louisiana, in honor of his king, Louis XIV., 
he claimed it for France. 

* English pronunciation jo'H-et, French zlw-le-a'. 

1. While the English were taking possession of a strip along the Atlantic how 

were the French employed ? 

2. What is said of the founding of Quebec, and what of Canada ? What can you 

tell of the Five Nations, and of their relations to the French and the English ? 

3. What Frenchmen first explored the Mississippi, and when ? Who completed 

the discovery of this river, and when ? What region was claimed by Is 
Salle? 



1718.] THE FRENCH AND THE SPANIARDS. 55 

4. The vast domain of France in America now lay north 
and west of the English colonies, and stretched southward 
to the Gulf of Mexico. The French followed up their dis- 
coveries by establishing forts, missions, and trading-posts, 
and by making settlements both in the south and the west. 
In the southern part of their dominion they formed settle- 
ments at Biloxi, at Mobile, at Natchez, and at New Orleans. 
This last town was founded by colonists under Bienville 
(be-an[g]*-veet) in 1718. 

5. Before the "French and Indian War," — the last 
struggle between the American colonies of France and 
England, — the French had constructed a chain of military 
posts from Montreal to New Orleans. This they did with 
the design of confining the English to the' territory between 
the Alleghany Mountains and the sea. The most famous 
of these forts were Detroit, Niag'ara, and Crown Point. 

6. Spain made but few settlements in her Florida and 
New Mexico. She regarded both the French and the 
English in the south as intruders upon her soil. Alarmed 
at the efforts of the former to colonize the country at the 
mouth of the Mississippi, the Spaniards built a fort at 
Pensaco'ia, and formed a settlement there as early as 1699. 
They also built forts in Texas. In this region, and farther 
north on the Rio Grande, Spanish priests founded missions 
to convert the Indians. 



To complete the early history of the English colonics in 
America we shall now give an account of several wars, 
sometimes called the Intercolonial Wars, in which the 
colonies of England fought those of France or of Spain. 

* This nasal sound stops before the sound ng is formed. 

J. Describe the French domain in America. What did the French do after making 
discoveries in the south and the west ? What settlements of theirs in the 
south are mentioned ? Where is Biloxi (be-loksV) ? (See Map facing p. 110.) 
Mobile {mobeel') ? Where is Natchez ? New Orleans (or'le-anz) ? 

5. What military posts were constructed by the French, and with what design: 

Name the most famous of these posts, and tell where they were situated. 

6. What is said of Spanish settlements ? How did Spain regard the French and 

English in the south? What forts did the Spaniards build? What oi 
Spanish priests ? 
What were the Intercolonial Wars ? 



56 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 



8|2 



n» 



MAP TO ELMTSTIRATE 




INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 



5*7 



~eFT 



Tjb 



MAP TO ffifflTSTMlFE 

INTERCOLONIAL WARS, 




58 . KING WILLIAM'S WAR. [1689. 

THE INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 

I. KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 

1. After James II. fled from England, he sought pro* 
tection of Louis XIV., king of France, who tried to reseat 
him on his throne. This kindled between the two countries, 
in 1689, the flames of a war, which extended to their colonies. 
The contest in America is known as King WilliamPs War. 
The Indians of Canada and Maine aided the French ; the 
Five Nations aided the English. 

2. Most of the frontier settlements in Maine and New 
Hampshire were broken up or destroyed by the French 
and the savages. In the winter of 1690 a war party of 
French and Indians came through the wilderness from 
Canada, and in the dead of night fell upon the little village 
of Schenectady, in New York, and burned it. Sixty of the 
inhabitants were killed. Of the rest, those not taken cap- 
tive fled half naked through the deep snow to Albany. 

3. A few months later Sir William Phipps, in command 
of a small fleet from Massachusetts, captured the old 
French settlement of Port Royal, in. Nova Scotia, and 
obtained considerable booty. t After this success a plan 
was formed for the conquest of Canada. Troops from 
Connecticut and New York were sent against Montreal, by 
the way of the valley of the Hudson and Lake Champlain, 
while Phipps, with a naval force from Massachusetts, sailed 
against Quebec. Both expeditions met with disaster, and 
effected nothing. 

4. The war lasted almost eight years. In 1691 a treaty, 
which put an end to it, was signed at Ryswick (riz'ivik), 
a town in Holland. Each party was to have the same 
territory as before the war. 

1. Give the cause of King- William's war, and the year in which it began. What 

Indians aided the French, and what the English ? 

2. What fate befell the frontier settlements in Maine and New Hampshire ? Give 

an account of the attack upon Schenectady (ske-nek'ta-di). Where is Sche- 
nectady ? (See Map, p. 56.) 

3. What can you tell of the capture of Port Royal ? Of expeditions sent for the 

conquest of Canada ? Where is Port Royal ? (See Map, p. 57.) 

4. How long did King William's war last, and what treaty put an end to it? 

How did this treaty affect territorial claims ? 



1702. J QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 59 

II. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 

1. The peace of Ryswick did not last long". In 1T02 
England declared war against France and Spain, and the 
American colonies took part in the contest, which is com- 
monly called in America Queen Anne's War. 

2. As the Spaniards in Florida were now enemies of the 
English colonists, South Carolina hastened to send a force 
against the old settlement of St. Augustine. /The town 
was easily captured, but the fort held out till two Spanish 
ships entered the harbor, when the invaders retreated in 
great haste. A few years later a French and Spanish 
naval force made an attack upon Charleston, but the as- 
sailants were soon driven away with loss. 

3. The contest in the north took the same form as the 
preceding war. The French, from Canada, and their 
Indian allies laid waste the frontier settlements of New 
England, and committed terrible acts of cruelty. The 
Five Nations, always friendly to the English, had lately 
made a treaty with the governor of Canada, and agreed to 
be neutral ; but by their situation they shielded New York 
from hostile incursions. 

4. In 1710 Port Royal was again wrested from the 
French by a combined force from New England and the 
mother country. In honor of Queen Anne, the name of the 
place was changed to Annapolis. The next year an Eng- 
lish fleet, with regular and colonial soldiers, proceeded 
against Quebec. But many of the transports were dashed 
upon the rocks in the St. Lawrence, and nearly a thousand 
men perished. After this disaster the commander sent home 
the colonial troops, and sailed with his fleet for England. 

5. After continuing eleven years, Queen Anne's war was 
closed by a treaty made in 1713, at Utrecht (yoo'trekt), 

1. When did Queen Anne's (anz) war begin, and what nations were engaged in it ? 

2. What expedition was sent from South Carolina, and with what result ? What 

happened a few years later ? 

3. What is said of the contest in the north ? What befell New England settle- 

ments r What is said of the Five Nations ? 

4. When and how was Fort Royal captured, and what was it named ? State what 

you can of the unsuccessful expedition against Quebec ? 
6. How long did Queen Anne's war continue, and what treaty put an end to it 
What did England gain in America by this treaty i 



60 KING GEORGE'S WAR. [1744. 

a town in Holland. By this treaty England gained in 
America possession of a vast region about Hudsoa's Bay, 
of Newfoundland, and of Acadia, afterwards called Nova 
Scotia. 

III. THE SPANISH WAR 

1. After the lapse of little more than a quarter of a 
century there was another intercolonial war. In 1139 
England and Spain again made war upon each other. 

2. The next year General Oglethorpe, the founder of 
Georgia, marched against St. Augustine, with an army col- 
lected from the southern colonies, and a large body of 
Indians. He was unsuccessful, as were the Spaniards, who 
in turn invaded Georgia. General Oglethorpe had too 
small a force openly to withstand the invaders, but by an 
artifice he frightened them away. 

3. During the contest the American colonies were called 
upon to furnish troops to aid an English fleet and army in 
capturing Spanish settlements in the West Indies. The 
enterprise ended disastrously, and of the four thousand 
men from the colonies but a few hundred ever returned to 
their homes. The Spanish war was marked by no very 
important events in America, and after about five years it 
became merged in King George's war. 

IV. KING GEORGE'S WAR. 

1. News of another war between England and France 
reached America in 1144. By the English colonists it was 
called King George's War, from George II. 

2. The most important event of the war in America was 
the capture of Louisburg from the French. This fortress 

1. When did another intercolonial war begin, and what nations were engaged in it ? 

2. Give an account of Oglethorpe's expedition against St. Augustine. What 

did the Spaniards afterwards do, and with what result ? 

3. For what enterprise did the American colonies furnish troops ? Result ? In 

what war was the Spanish war merged ? 

1. When did news of another war reach America ? What was this war called in 

America ? 

2. What was the most important event in America of this war ? When and how 

was Louisburg taken? What is the fortress of Gibraltar (jib-rawl'lar)? 
Am. It is a fortress in the southern part of Spain, so situated upon a rock as 
to be almost impregnable. 



1753.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 61 

was of such strength as to he called the Gibraltar of 
America; but it was taken early, in the summer of 1745, by 
an army from New England, under command of William 
Pep'perrell, of Maine, aided by an English fleet. 

3. King George's War was brought to a close in 1748, 
by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (dks-lah-sha-pel 1 ), as it was 
called, from a place in Prussia. It was agreed that both 
countries should restore their respective conquests. 

V. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

1. It was not long before another war — the last and 
severest of the intercolonial struggles — broke out be- 
tween the English and the French. The Indians fought for 
each party, but much the greater number joined the side of 
the latter. This contest is known in America as the French 
and Indian War. It was caused by conflicting claims of 
England and France to territory in America. When war 
was actually declared, both countries had formed alliances 
which were followed by the mighty struggle in Europe 
called the Seven Years 7 War. 

2. The French had determined to confine the English to a 
belt of land along the coast, and to keep in their own hands 
the lucrative fur trade with the Indians west of the Al'- 
leghany Mountains. But the English also claimed this 
interior region, and refused to be thus hemmed in. 

3. An association, called the Ohio Company, having 
obtained from the English king the grant of a large tract 
of land on the Ohio River, prepared to form settlements 
and open trade with the Indians ; but the designs of the 
company were frustrated by the governor of Canada, who 
sent troops across the lakes to build forts in the disputed 
territory. 

4. Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, determined to send 

3. When and how was King George's war brought to a elose ? What was agreed 
by the treaty ? 

1. What part did the Indians take in the last war between the French and English 

colonies ? Name and cause of the war ? What of the war in Europe ? 

2. What had the French determined to do ? 

3. What can you tell of the Ohio Company ? How were its designs frustrated** 

4. What did Governor Dinwiddie determine to do? 



82 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1754. 

a letter to the commander of the French, to demand hiss' 
reasons for invading the country, and to require him tc 
depart. George Washington, not yet twenty-two years., 
old, was selected by the governor to execute this corn- 
mission. Late in the autumn of 1T53, he set out from 
Williamsburg, the capital of Virginia, for the north-west 
corner of Pennsylvania, where the French commander had 
established his post. 

5. His journey, for several hundred miles, was through 
the heart of a wilderness, containing rugged mountains and 
swollen streams, and infested by savages. The peril of 
the way was increased by cold and stormy weather ; but 
at the end of eleven weeks, Washington delivered to Gov- 
ernor Dinwiddie, in Williamsburg, the reply of the French 
commander, St. Pierre (pe-are'). By this reply it was seen 
that the French intended to hold the country. 

6. It was resolved by the governor of Virginia to build 
a fort where Pittsburg now stands, and to send an armed 
force to drive away the intruders. The men were building 
the fort, when the French came upon them, and compelled 
them to retire. The French then completed the works, 
which they called Fort Duquesne (du-fcane 1 ). 

*l. Washington became the leader of the force which 
was collected to go against the enemy in the Ohio Valley. 
While on the march through the wilderness in the spring of 
IT 54, he was warned by an Indian chief to be on his gnard, 
for a party of French soldiers was near, with hostile designs. 
Washington surprised this party, lurking near his camp. 
The French commander and ter> of his men were" killed. 
This was the first conflict of arms in the war. 

8. Not much more than a month after this event, a large 
force of French and Indians marched against Washington, 
who had hastily thrown up a fortification, which he named 
Fort Necessity. After a brave defence he was obliged to 

r_ 

4. Who was sent to the French commander, and when ? Where had the French 

commander established his post ? * * 

5. Give an account of Washington's journey. What of the reply of the French ? 

6. What is said of Fort Duquesne ? Where was this fort built ? (See Map, p. 56.) 

7. What can you tell of the first conflict of the war ? 

8. What is said of the erection of Fort Necessity, and of its capture? 



1755.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 63 

surrender this fort, July 4, 1154. The English were 
allowed to retire with the honors of war — drums beating 
and colors flying. 

9. Events of 1755. — Early in the spring of 1755, Gen 
eral Braddock landed in Virginia, with two British regi- 
ments. He had been appointed commander-in-chief of all 
the forces in the provinces. Four expeditions were planned 
These were to be sent against Fort Duquesne, Nova Scotia, 
Crown Point, and Niagara. 

10. The force which went against the French on the 
Ohio was led by Braddock himself, Colonel Washington 
acting as an aide-de-camp. The British general was ig- 
norant of Indian warfare, yet too self-confident to heed the 
prudent counsels which Washington gave him. When 
within a few miles of Fort Duquesne, his army was sur- 
prised, July 9, by a small party of French, with their Indian 
allies, and routed with terrible slaughter. Braddock was 
mortally wounded. The ability and bravery which Wash- 
ington showed at the battle of Monongahela, as it was 
called, won for him great regard throughout the colonies. 

11. The expedition against Acadia, or Nova Scotia, 
captured the French forts in that province, and the whole 
region east of the Penobscot fell under British authority. 
But this success was disgraced by a terrible act of violence 
and cruelty. Several thousands of the Acadians, or French 
colonists, were assembled, unsuspicious of the designs 
formed against them, and driven on board ships b}' British 
soldiers. These unfortunate people were carried off, and 
scattered among the English colonies. Thus torn from 
their homes, wives were separated from their husbands, and 
children from their parents, never to see each other again. 

12. General William Johnson, of New York, commanded 
the troops collected to go against Crown Point. At the 



9. Who landed in Virginia as commander-in-chief? What expeditions were 
planned for 1755 ? Where is Crown Point ? Niagara ? 

10. What is said of Braddock and Washington, and of the expedition against the 

French on the Ohio ? Conduct of Washington at the battle ? 

11. Give an account of the expedition against Acadia. What can you tell of the 

cruel treatment of the Acadians ? 

12. Give an account of the battle of Lake George. 



64 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



[1756. 



ROUSE'S PT 



FORT 

Iticonderoca 



southern end of Lake George, he encountered a French 
force led by the Baron Dieskau (dees' kow), who had come 
from Montreal by the way of Lake Cham- 
plain. The battle finally resulted in a vic- 
tory for the English. The Baron Dieskau 
was badly wounded and taken prisoner. 
After the battle of Lake George, John- 
son gave up the attempt upon Crown 
Point. Building Fort William Henry, 
near the battle-ground, and leaving a gar- 
rison in it, he finally disbanded the rest of 
his troops. 

13. The expedition against Niagara also 
proved a failure. The troops command- 
ed by General Shirley, of Massachusetts, 
advanced as far as Os-we'go, where they 
built a new fort. At last, owing to the 
lateness of the season and to other causes, 
the enterprise was abandoned. Leaving 
7 , , ( t ' J men to garrison the defences at Oswego, 
vicinity. Shirley went back to Albany. 

14. Events of 1756-7. — War was not formally declared 
till 1756. During this and the next year the English had 
little success, but met with serious disasters. 

15. In the summer of 1156, the French, under their dis- 
tinguished leader, the Marquis de Montcalm (mont-kahm'), 
captured the forts at Oswego. Many prisoners, and a great 
quantity of stores, fell to the victors. Almost exactly a year 
later, this bold and vigilant commander struck the English 
another heavy blow. 

16. Ascending Lake George with a large force of French 
and Indians, he laid siege to Fort William Henry, and, 
after some days, compelled its garrison to surrender. A 
few miles below this fort was another English post, held by 




brORT EDWARD 



12. After this battle what did General Johnson do ? 

13. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara. 

14. When was war formally declared ? Result of the war for the next two years? 

15. What is said of Montcalm and his successes ? 

16. Give an account of the capture of Fort William Henry. 



1758.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN W-*R. 65 

General Webb, with four thousand soldiers ; but this officer, 
to his lasting disgrace, made no attempt to aid the brave 
Colonel Mon-ro' and his troops in Fort William Henry. The 
English were promised a safe escort to the fort held by 
Webb. But the infuriated savages fell upon them as they 
began their march, and, in spite of the eiforts of the French 
officers, the defenceless prisoners were plundered, and some 
of them massacred. 

17. Nor was the loss of these important forts the only 
disaster which the English suffered. The savages, fight- 
ing for the French, devastated the whole north-western 
frontier, and war parties carried the brand and the toma- 
hawk into the heart of the English settlements. Thus far 
in the struggle the French had had much the best of it. 
The English forces in America, during two disastrous years, 
had been under the command of an inefficient general, 
Lord Loudoun (loit [ dun), who was always ready to quarrel 
with the colonies, but never ready to meet the enemy. 

18. Events of 1758. — In the year 1158, the war as- 
sumed a different aspect. The celebrated William Pitt, 
afterwards Earl of Chatham (chat'am), was now the leading 
spirit of the British ministry, and the supreme direction of 
the war was in his hands. Three expeditions were pro- 
posed — one against Louisburg, another against Ticon- 
dero'ga and Crown Point, and a third against Fort Du- 
quesne. 

19. A large fleet aided the powerful army of General 
Amherst {am' erst), who was sent to capture Louisburg. 
Both the English and the French fought bravely, and for 
many days the siege went on ; but at last, in July, the 
fortress was won by the English. The French fleet in the 
harbor was destroyed or captured, and the whole island of 
Cape Breton (brit'un) reduced. The English also became 

16. What is said of Webb ? What did the savages do to the prisoners ? 

17. What other disasters did the English suffer? What is said of the British 

general, Loudoun (lou-dun, ou as in house) ? 

18. When did aifairs take a different aspect ? What famous British statesman was 

then directing the war ? What expeditions were proposed for 1758 ? 

19. Give an account of the capture of Louisburg. What besides Louisburg fell 

into the hands of the English ? 

5 



QQ THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1758. 

masters of Prince Edward Island, and of the coast as far 
north as the St. Lawrence. 

20. While the siege of Louisburg was going on, the 
largest army as jet seen in America moved against Fort 
Ticonderoga. It was more than fifteen thousand strong, 
British and provincial troops, under the command of the 
incompetent Abercrombie (ab' ' er-krum-bl) , now the general- 
in-chief of all the English forces in America. 

21. On the 5th of July, more than a thousand boats, full 
of soldiers, with waving flags and strains of martial music, 
swept down Lake George. All anticipated an easy victory. 
On the fourth day afterwards the boats bore back the 
shattered columns of this grand army in disorderly retreat. 
They had assaulted the defences of the French at Ticon- 
deroga, and Montcalm had beaten them back with heavy 
loss. Lord Howe, a gallant young English officer, whom 
all loved, fell dead in the first skirmish. 

22. The disgrace of this repulse was in some degree 
retrieved by Colonel Bradstreet, who, with three thousand 
men from Abercrombie's army, crossed Lake Ontario and 
captured Fort Fron'tenac, where Kingston now is. This 
was a severe blow to the French, as they lost a great 
quantity of stores and several ships on the lake. The fort 
was blown up by the English. 

23. The expedition for the capture of Fort Duquesne was 
commanded by General Forbes. His army pushed forward, 
Colonel Washington with the Virginians leading the ad- 
vance. After a long and laborious march through the 
wilderness, late in November, General Forbes took posses- 
sion of what was left of Fort Duquesne. The French had 
abandoned it the day before, and set fire to it. In honor of 
the illustrious British minister, the name of the stronghold 
was changed to Fort Pitt. 

20. What is said of the army which moved against Fort Ticonderoga, and of the 

British general ? Where was Fort Ticonderoga ? (See Map, p. 56.) 

21. Describe the movement of the army against this fort, and tell the result ? 

What is said of Lord Howe ? 

22. Give an account of the capture of Fort Frontenac. Where was this fort? 

(See Map, p. 56.) 

23. Give an account of the expedition against Fort Duquesne. How was the 

name of the fort changed ? 



1759.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 61 

24. Events of 1759. — The campaign of IT 59 had for 
its object the conquest of Canada. The following plan was 
formed. One expedition was to reduce Niagara, while an- 
other was to capture Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Both 
armies were then to go down the St. Lawrence, to co- 
operate with a third expedition, which should go up the 
river to attack Quebec. 

25. Niagara was invested by troops under the English 
General Prideaux (prid'o). This officer having been killed, 
Sir William Johnson took the command, and in July put 
to rout a strong force of French and Indians, who attempted 
to relieve the besieged garrison. The next day the fort 
was surrendered to the English. In the same month, 
General Amherst, now the commander-in-chief, approached 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point with the main army. As 
the French could not hope to make a successful resistance, 
they deserted these strongholds. But after these successes, 
Amherst and Johnson did not advance to cooperate with 
the English fleet and army before Quebec. 

26. The command of the most important expedition was 
given to GeneralJames Wolfe. His forces in June as- 
cended the St. Lawrence to Quebec. This town was so 
strongly situated, and had been so well fortified on all 
sides, that it seemed impregnable. Below Quebec, Wolfe 
failed in an assault upon the defences which the skilful 
Montcalm had constructed ; but, above the town, one dark 
night he silently landed his troops — near five thousand 
veterans — and they clambered up the precipice to the 
Plains of Abraham. When the day dawned, the French 
saw with astonishment a British army ranged in order of 
battle before their intrenchments. 

27. The battle which took place that day, September 
13, decided the fate of France in America, and won for 

24. What was the object of the campaign of 1759, and what plan was formed ? 

25. Give an account of the capture of Fort Niagara. Who was now the British 

commander-in-chief in the colonies, and what resulted from his movement 
against Ticonderoga and Crown Point ? 

26. Who commanded the expedition against Quebec ? What is said of this town 

Give an account of Wolfe's operations before the battle. 

27. When was the battle fought, and what did it decide ? 



68 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1760. 

Great Britain a noble territory. Wolfe, pressing forward 
in the thickest of the fight, received a mortal wound. He 
was carried to the rear, where he lay faint and bleeding. 
While his life was fast ebbing away, he heard the cry, 
" They run ! they run ! " "Who run?" he asked. " The 
French," was the answer. " God be praised," said he ; 
"I die happy." Montcalm was also mortally wounded. 
When the surgeon informed him that he could survive but a 
few hours, " So much the better," said he ; "I shall not live 
to see the surrender of Quebec." Five days after the battle 
the city was given up to the English. 

28. Events of 1760, and the Peace of Paris. — Early in 
the spring the French made an attempt to recapture 
Quebec, but they were unsuccessful. In September, Gen- 
eral Amherst collected a large army around Montreal. The 
French governor, seeing that resistance would be useless, 
now surrendered all Canada to the English. 

29. England made peace with France and her ally, Spain, 
by a treaty signed at Paris in 1163. All the territory which 
France had claimed east of the Mississippi, she ceded to 
England, except two small islands south of Newfoundland, 
retained as fishing stations, and the island* and town of 
New Orleans. This island and town, with all the French 
possessions west of the great river, France ceded to Spain. 
By the same treaty Spain ceded Florida to England. 

30. The Cherokee War. — During the war with the 
French and Indians in the north, the Cherokees ravaged 
the frontier settlements of the Carolinas, in revenge for 
some gross wrongs which they had suffered. After a long 
and bloody strife, the Indian villages were destroyed, and 
the Cherokees compelled to sue for peace. 

31. Pontiac's War. — In the year 1163, many tribes of 

* The Island of New Orleans is a strip of land south of the River I'berville, and 
between the Mississippi and the lakes north and east of New Orleans. 

Z7. What is said of Wolfe? Of Montcalm ? When was the city surrendered ? 

28. State further operations of the French and English in Canada. 

29. When was the treaty of Paris signed ? What was ceded by France to Engf 

land ? What by France to Spain ? What by Spain to England ? 

30. Give an account of the Cherokee war. 

31. What war with the Indians began in the year 1763 ? 



1763.] CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 69 

the north-western Indians, under the lead of a great 
Ottawa chief, named Pon'ti-ac, united to drive out the 
English, who now occupied the posts which the French had 
established in the west. In a short time most of the forts 
West of Niagara were surprised, and taken by the savages. 
The border settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia were 
laid waste, and hundreds of families driven from their homes 
or massacred. For several months the fort at Detroit 
was besieged by Pontiac and his warriors, but the garrison 
withstood every attack. Expeditions were sent into the 
Indian country, and the year after the first outbreak most 
of the tribes that had taken up arms were glad to make 
peace with the English. 

CONDITION, AT THE CLOSE OF THIS PERIOD, OF WHAT 
IS NOW THE UNITED STATES. 

1. France had now lost her domain in America. Spain, 
at the close of this period, claimed the whole country west 
of the Mississippi. The island and the town of New Orleans 
were hers ; but all else east of the great river had come 
under the power of England. The north-west corner of 
the continent, now called Alas'ka, was claimed by Russia, 
Vi'tus Behring (beer'ing), a Dane in the Russian service, 
having discovered the main land in 1741, while on a second 
voyage in these waters. 

2. England now possessed thirteen colonies along the 
Atlantic coast. In these colonies there prevailed three 
forms of government — charter, proprietary, and royal.* 

* The charter governments were those of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
Connecticut. In these colonies important rights and powers were vested in the 
colonists by charters from the king - . 

The proprietary governments were those of Maryland, Pennsylvania (with 
Delaware), and at first New York, New Jersey, and the Carolinas. Here the 
proprietors were authorized, under certain restrictions, to establish govern- 
ments. 

The royal governments were those of New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, 
New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Over these colonies the king placed 
governors, who ruled according to his instructions. 

31. What forts were captured by the savages .' What of settlements and fami- 
lies ? What of Detroit ? How and when was the war brought to a close ? 

1. What is said of France at the close of this Period ? What was claimed by 

Spain in America ? What by Russia, and from what discoveries? 

2. What possessions had England along the Atlantic coast? What is said of 

the government of the thirteen English colonies ? 



70 CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 

Under all these forms the people had helped to make laws and 
had become accustomed to share in the administration of 
affairs. 

3. The population of the thirteen English colonies, at the 
close of this Period, was not far from two millions. Eleven - 
years later, at the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, it 
is estimated to have been something less than three millions. 

4. During the early years of the colonies there prevailed 
almost everywhere an intolerant spirit in matters of religion, 
showing itself in unjust and cruel laws and deeds. But 
at the close of this Period the severities of early times, 
practised in the name of religion, were not sanctioned by 
any of the colonies. The French and Spanish settlements 
were exclusively Roman Catholic. The English colonies 
were Protestant — even in Maryland the adherents to this 
faith being by far the more numerous. 

5. Steps were taken in most of the colonies at an early 
date to provide for the education of youth. But to New 
England must be accorded the high honor of first in- 
stituting and liberally maintaining common schools. The 
first printing-press in the English colonies was set up at 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1639. Most of the books 
published in the earliest times were on religious sub- 
jects. The first permanent newspaper printed in America 
was the " Boston News-Letter," issued in 1104.* Before 
the close of this Period, Benjamin Franklin had made great 
discoveries in science. By means of a kite he drew 
lightning from the clouds, in 1752, and proved it to be 
really the same as electricity. 

6. The colonists not only supplied themselves with 
food from the cultivation of the soil, but had a large sur- 

* A single number of a newspaper was published in Boston in 1690. 

3. State the population of these colonies at this time, and at the breaking out of 

the Revolutionary War in 1775. 

4. What statement is made in regard to religion in the early years of the colonies, 

and at the close of this Period ? What was the religion of the French and 
Spanish colonists ? Of the English colonists ? 

5. What is said of education ? When and where was the first printing-press set 

up ? What of books ? Give the name and date of the first newspaper issued it 
America. What is said of Benjamin Franklin ? 

6. What is said of agriculture ? Of tobacco and cotton ? 



CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 71 

plus to export. Tobacco was an important product of the 
southern colonies. Cotton, which afterwards became so 
valuable a staple, was first raised in Virginia, in 1621. 

1. Manufactures were of slower growth, but before the 
close of this Period various articles of which the inhabitants 
stood most in need were made in the colonies. The weav- 
ing of cloth was first introduced into America by some 
Yorkshire clothiers, who settled in Massachusetts, in 1638. 

8. Trade and commerce from the beginning had steadi- 
ly increased, although fettered by the Navigation Acts, 
which were laws made by England to benefit her mer- 
chants and ship-owners. By these acts the colonies could 
send their products to England in no ships but those 
owned by English subjects ; their principal exports they 
were obliged to sell in England or her colonies, and from 
these countries to buy their principal imports. For a hun- 
dred years the colonies had been subjected to these re- 
strictions in their commerce. 

9. In the same selfish spirit other laws were made by 
the mother country, which prohibited the colonists from 
manufacturing certain articles, and from exporting other 
articles even from one colony to another. The English 
merchants often complained that the acts of trade were 
violated by the colonists, as indeed they were. Royal 
custom-houses were established to collect duties. Most of 
the colonial ships were built and owned in New England. 
There fishery was an important means of support and gain. 

10. Slavery, at an early period, found its way into all 
the colonies, first silently permitted, then regulated bylaw. 
In the northern colonies slave labor was not generally 
lucrative ; but in the south, negro slaves were much more 
numerous, and their labor became a source of wealth in the 
culture of tobacco, rice, and, after this Period, especially of 
cotton. 



7. What can you tell of manufactures ? Of the weaving: of cloth ? 

8. What is said of trade and commerce ? Give an account of the Navigation Acts. 
9 Give some account of other laws of trade. What is said of royal custom 

houses ? What of colonial ships, and of fishery ? 
W. State what you can about slavery in the colonies. 



72 CHRONOLOGY. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 

Note. — The figures at the end of the paragraphs refer to the pages upon which 
the events are mentioned. 

1607. Jamestown was founded in Virginia, the first permanent English 

settlement in America, 23. 
1609. Hudson discovered the Hudson River, 41. 

Champlain discovered Lake Champlain, 54. 
1614. Captain Smith explored the coast of New England, 28. 

1619. The first Legislative Assembly in America was convened in 

Virginia, 25. 
Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia, 26. 

1620. Plymouth was settled by the Puritans, the first permanent Eng- 

lish settlement in New England, 30. 
1V522. Opechancanough's war broke out in Virginia, 26. 
1623. Portsmouth and Dover, in New Hampshire, were settled, 36. 

The permanent colonization of New York was begun by the 

Dutch, 41. 
1630. Boston was founded by Governor Winthrop, 31. 

1634. The colonization of Maryland was begun at St. Mary's, 47. 

1635. Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hartford, in Connecticut, were set- 

tled by emigrants from Massachusetts, 38. 

1636. Roger Williams founded Providence, 40. 

1637. The Pequot War occurred in Connecticut, 38. 

1638. Delaware was settled by the Swedes and Finns, 46. 
New Haven was founded by Eaton and Davenport, 39. 

1639. The first printing-press in America was set up at Cambridge, 

Massachusetts, 70. 
1643. The confederacy styled the United Colonies of New England 

was formed, 33. 
1656. Quakers began to come to Massachusetts, 33. 

1663. The Rhode Island and Providence Plantations received a royal 

charter, 41. 
The Albemarle colony was established in North Carolina, 51. 

1664. New Netherland was taken by the English, and named New 

York, 43. 
Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth), in New Jersey, was settled, 45. 

1665. Connecticut and New Haven were united, under the name of 

Connecticut, 39. 



CHRONOLOGY. 73 

1670. The Carteret colony was established in South Carolina, 51. 

1673. Marquette explored the Mississippi, 54. 

1675. King Philip's War began, 34. 

1676. Bacon's rebellion broke out in Virginia, 27. 
1680. Charleston, South Carolina, was founded, 52. 
1682. La Salle explored the Mississippi to its mouth, 54. 

Philadelphia was founded by William Penn, 50. 

1686. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor of New England, 35. 

1689. Andros was seized and imprisoned, 35. 

King William's War began. The Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, 
closed King William's War, 58. 

1692. Governor Phipps arrived in Massachusetts with a new charter, 
extending her territory, but abridging her privileges, 35. 
The delusion known as the Salem Witchcraft prevailed in Massa- 
chusetts, 35. 

1702. Queen Anne's War began. The Treaty of Utrecht closed Queen 
Anne's War in 1713, 59. 

1704. First permanent newspaper in America was printed at Boston, 70. 

1710. Port Royal was taken from the French and named Annapolis, 59. 

1718. New Orleans was founded by the French, 55. 

1729. Carolina was divided into two distinct royal provinces — North 
Carolina and South Carolina, 52. 

1733. The colonization of Georgia was begun at Savannah, by the Eng- 
lish under Oglethorpe, 53. 

1739. The Spanish intercolonial war began, 60. 

1744. King George's War began. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 
1748, closed King George's War, 60, 61. 

1752. Georgia became a royal province, 54. 

1755. Defeat and death of Braddock, 63. 

The country east of the Penobscot fell under British authority, 63. 

1756. The French and Indian War, which had been raging two years, 

was formally proclaimed, 64. 

1758. Louisburg and Fort Duquesne were taken by the English, 65. 

1759. Quebec was taken by Wolfe, 68. 

1760. Montreal and all Canada fell into the power of the English, 68. 
1763. The Treaty of Paris was signed — England making peace with 

France and Spain, 68. 
Pontiac's War broke out, 68. 




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CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 15 



PERIOD III. -THE REVOLUTION, 

FROM THE DECLARATION BY PARLIAMENT THAT A REVENUE 
SHOULD BE RAISED FROM AMERICA, 1764, TO THE INAUGURA- 
TION OF WASHINGTON, 1789. 

I. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

1. At the close of the French and Indian War, the British 
people found themselves burdened with a heavy national 
debt, much of it incurred in the contest just ended. Al- 
though the colonists had borne their share in this war, yet 
very soon after the declaration of peace the British ministry 
determined to lighten the burden of taxation at home by 
raising a revenue from America. 

2. For a long period of years, Parliament had regulated 
the trade and commerce of the colonies, by the Navigation 
Acts and other laws, so as to benefit the merchants and 
manufacturers of England, at the expense of the colonists. 
In truth, the interest which the English rulers had shown 
towards their colonial subjects was almost wholly one of 
selfish gain. While the last war was going on, they at- 
tempted to carry out the oppressive laws of trade with 
greater rigor than had yet been exercised, and the colonists 
were thus made to feel, more deeply than ever before, the 
injury done them by such a commercial policy. 

3. Englishmen were, for the most part, ignorant of the 
character of their kindred in America. They looked upon 
the colonists as an inferior class, and had but little true 
sympathy with them. Yet these causes of alienation were 
not sufficient, at this time, to make the Americans desire a 
separation from the mother country. They regarded the 
land of their forefathers with filial affection, and in American 
families it was common to speak of England as " home." 

Questions. — 1. What is said of the English national debt at the close of the 
French and Indian war ? What did the British ministry determine to do ? 

2. In what manner had Parliament regulated the trade and commerce of the 

colonies ? During the last war, what had been done by the English author- 
ities ? Effect of this course upon the colonists ? 

3. How did most Englishmen look upon the colonists ? How did Americans 

regard England ? 



1Q THE REVOLUTION. [1784. 

4. The attempt of Great Britain to impose taxes upon 
her colonies in America, without their consent, brought on 
the war of the Revolution, which resulted in the indepen- 
dence of the thirteen colonies planted on the Atlantic coast, 
and the establishment of a republic, under the name of the 
United Slates of America. 

5. The year after the treaty of peace had been signed at 
Paris, the British Parliament made known its intention of 
raising a revenue from America, and passed an act laying 
duties upon certain colonial imports. The next year, name- 
ly, 1765, the famous Stamp Act was passed, which ordained 
that stamps should be fixed upon all bills, bonds, notes, 
and other legal instruments executed in the colonies, as 
well as upon newspapers, pamphlets, and other printed 
matter. These stamps were to be bought of the English 
government. 

6. The Americans were very indignant when news came 
of the passage of this act. It seemed to them very unjust 
that their money should be taken from them by a body 
of Englishmen three thousand miles away. The. colonists 
were not represented in Parliament, and they maintained 
that taxation and representation are inseparable. 

7. The Assembly of Virginia was the first to send forth 
resolutions against the Stamp Act. They were introduced 
by Patrick Henry, and his wonderful eloquence secured 
their adoption. The Assembly of Massachusetts recom- 
mended that a congress be held, to consult for the common 
welfare ; and for this purpose the delegates 'from nine 
colonies assembled in New York, October *l, IT 65. This 
body, known as the Colonial Congress, drew up a Declara- 
tion of Rights, asserting that no taxes could justly be im- 
posed upon the people of the colonies but by their own 

4. What brought on the Revolution ? Result of the Revolution ? 

5. What did the British Parliament do the year after peace was made ? When 

was the Stamp Act passed, and what did it ordain ? 

6. With what feelings did the Americans regard this act? What did they 

maintain ? 

7. What course was taken by the Assembly of Virginia, and what by that of 

Massachusetts ? When and where did the delegates of the Colonial Congresi 
assemble ? What was done by this Congress ? 



1767.] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 11 

legislatures. A petition to the king, George III., and 
memorials to Parliament, were also adopted. 

8. When the day arrived on which the hated Stamp Act 
was to go into operation, there were no stamps to be found 
in the colonies. The bales sent from England had been 
destroyed, hidden away, or returned. At first, no business 
was done which required the use of stamps ; but in a short 
time it was determined wholly to disregard the act. The 
principal merchants agreed to import no more goods from 
England while it remained a law. 

9. In the spring of the next year, after a warm discus- 
sion, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act. William Pitt 
and Edmund Burke, with others less famous, eloquently 
advocated in Parliament the cause of the colonies. At 
home the people had bold and able leaders. The names 
of Patrick Henry, of Virginia, James Otis, Samuel Adams, 
and John Adams, of Massachusetts, and of other patriotic 
men, will always be remembered and honored throughout 
our land for their wise words and deeds in those times. But 
no name is more cherished than that of Benjamin Franklin, 
who lived during those years in London, and was untiring 
in his efforts to maintain his country's rights. 

10. The project of obtaining money from America was 
not relinquished by the king's ministers. Another scheme 
was devised. By their advice, Parliament, in 1161, im- 
posed duties to be paid by the colonists on tea, glass, 
paper, and other articles of import. Other acts were also 
passed, which were odious to the American people. The 
same strong feeling of opposition that had been aroused 
by the stamp tax, was again excited throughout the colonies. 
Associations were again formed to abstain from importing 
and using, not only the taxed articles, but, as much as 
possible, all British merchandise. 

8. What is said of stamps when the day on which the act was to go into operation 

arrived? What of business ? What of the principal merchants ? 

9. When did Parliament repeal the Stamp Act? What is said of William Pitt 

(afterwards Lord Chatham) and Edmund Burke? What of patriotic lead- 
ers in America ? Of Benjamin Franklin ? 
10. What did Parliament do in 1767 ? Effect in America of the acts passed by 
Parliament ? 



*IS THE REVOLUTION. [1768. 

11. The Assembly and people of Massachusetts being 
regarded by the authorities of England as most active in 
rebellion, two regiments were sent to Boston. The troops 
arrived in the autumn of IT 68, and landing, marched with 
offensive parade into the town. The sight of armed men 
sent to overawe the people and reduce them to subjection, 
aroused the deepest feelings of indignation. 

12. The British troops had remained in Boston nearly a 
year and a half, when an event occurred which produced 
great excitement. During all this time, there had been 
much bad feeling between the soldiers and the populace, 
and quarrels had taken place ; but on the 5th of March, 
11T0, blood was shed. In the evening of that day, a crowd 
of men and boys assaulted a small guard of soldiers. Pro- 
voked by words and blows, the soldiers fired into the crowd, 
killing three persons and wounding several others. The 
story of the Boston Massacre, as it was called, served, 
still more to inflame the passions of the people. 

13. Parliament this year took off the duties from all 
the articles except tea. A very small duty was retained 
on tea, in order to establish the principle of the right to 
tax the colonists. But this proceeding did not allay the 
discontent of the Americans. They denied the right of 
Parliament to tax them at all. 

14. As no tea was imported by the colonists, the British 
East India Company, in 11 13, resolved to send cargoes of 
it to the principal ports of the provinces. Both the Com- 
pany and the ministry thought that, if the tea could be 
landed, it would be purchased, especially as an act had been 
passed which enabled the Company to sell tea cheaper in 
America than in England. But the people were on the 
alert to thwart this plan. The tea ships which arrived at 
New York and Philadelphia were sent quickly back to 

11. Why were British troops sent to Boston ? and what is said of their arrival ? 

12. Give an account of the Boston massacre. 

13. What was done by Parliament in 1770 ? Why was the small duty retained on 

tea ? How did the Americans regard this proceeding ? 

14. What plan was formed to introduce tea into the colonies ? What was done 

with the tea sent to New York and Philadelphia? With that sent to 
Charleston ? 



1774.] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 79 

England with their cargoes. At Charleston the tea was 
stored in damp cellars, where it soon spoiled. 

15. The patriots of Boston demanded that the ships 
which came there should return with their cargoes, to Eng- 
land ; but the governor and other officials of the crown 
refused to permit them to leave the port. Upon this a 
party of men, disguised as Indians, — since popularly 
called the Boston Tea Party, — on the evening of the 16th 
of December, 1773, boarded the vessels and emptied the 
tea — three hundred and forty-two chests — into the harbor. 

16. As a punishment for this bold act, Parliament, the 
next year, passed the Boston Port Bill, which closed the 
harbor of Boston to commerce and navigation, and removed 
the custom-house to Salem. About the same time other 
unjust measures were adopted. More soldiers were sent 
to General Thomas Gage, the commander-in-chief of the 
British forces in America, now also appointed royal gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts. Salem refused to profit by the ruin 
of her sister city, and freely offered her wharves to Boston 
merchants. 

17. Throughout all the colonies there now prevailed a 
determination to make common cause against the op- 
pressive measures of Great Britain. The great body of 
the people resisted the aggressions of England, and were 
called Whigs ; those who favored the British were called 
Tories. 

18. In September, 1774, a general congress convened 
at Philadelphia. This is known as the First Continental 
Congress. All the colonics were represented but Georgia. 
This Congress sent forth a second Declaration of Rights, 
and recommended an American Association pledged to hold 
no commercial intercourse with Great Britain. It also 
voted a new petition to the king, as well as addresses to 
the people of Great Britain and Canada. 

15. What was done with the tea sent to Boston ? 

16. In what way did Parliament retaliate ? 

17. What feeling prevailed throughout the colonies ? Who were called Whigs, 

and who Tories ? 

18. When and where did the First Continental Congress convene? How maay 

•olonies were represented ? What was done by this Congress ? 



80 



THE REVOLUTION. 




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THE REVOLUTION. 



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82 THE REVOLUTION. [1775. 

19. But no petition could change the inflexible will of 
George III. The king, the Parliament, and the people 
of England were now determined to make the colonists 
submit. Meanwhile these colonists were arming them- 
selves for the conflict. In Massachusetts, a Committee of 
Safety, with John Hancock as chairman, was formed, with 
power to call out the militia of the province. A large 
force was organized as minute men, being ready to take up 
arms at a minute's warning. Such was the condition of 
things that it needed but a single spark to light up the 
flames of war. 

II. THE WAR 

1. From the Opening of the War to the Declaration 
of Independence, 

1. Events of 1775. — The first blood of the revolution- 
ary War was shed at Lexington, Massachusetts, April 19, 
1775. The night before, General Gage sent a detachment of 
eight hundred soldiers from Boston to destroy some mil- 
itary stores which the Americans had collected at Concord. 
It was intended to make the movement a surprise ; but the 
patriots of Boston gave the alarm as soon as the troops 
had started, and the intelligence was swiftly borne into the 
country. 

2. Early the next morning, the red-coats, as the English 
soldiers were often called, reached Lexington, where they 
found about seventy men assembled in front of the meeting- 
house. Major Pitcairn (pit'kdrn), one of the British of- 
ficers, ro'de up to them, and cried out, "Disperse, you rebels ! 
Throw down your arms, and disperse." Not being obeyed, 
he ordered his soldiers to fire. They did so, killing eight of 
the minute men, and wounding others. The rest dispersed. 

3. The king's troops then marched on to Concord, where 
they destroyed such of the stores as had not been removed, 

19. What feeling now prevailed in England ? Meanwhile what were the colonists 
doing? What is said of a Committee of Safety? Of minute men ? Of the 
condition of affairs ? 

1. When and where was the first blood of the Revolutionary war shed ? For 

what purpose were British troops sent from Boston ? 

2. Give an account of the affair at Lexington. 

3. What is said of the British at Concord ? 



1775.] THE WAR. 83 

and after a skirmish with the militia there assembled, be- 
gan a hasty retreat ; and none too soon, for the enraged 
couutry-people were hurrying up from all sides. From 
behind trees, stone walls, and houses they fired upon the 
enemy. On the way back, reinforcements met the British, 
but the pursuit and firing were kept up till the troops 
reached Charlestown. The Americans lost about ninety 
men ; the loss of the British, in killed, wounded, and 
missing, was three times as many. 

4. News that the blood of Americans had been spilled 
at Lexington and Concord by British soldiers, ran with hot 
haste through the land, and everywhere caused intense 
excitement. From all parts of New England, volunteers 
hastened to Boston, and within a few days thousands of 
the militia had assembled, and were holding the enemy 
shut up in the town. 

5. It was decided by some of the patriots to secure 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point, then held by a few British 
soldiers. Accordingly, in May, a small band of volunteers 
from Vermont and Connecticut, led by Ethan Allen and 
Benedict Arnold, captured these forts, and thus obtained a 
large amount of military stores, of which the Americans 
stood in great need. 

6. The Second Continental Congress met at Philadel- 
phia, May 10, but a few hours, as it happened, after the 
capture of Ticonderoga. This Congress assumed the au- 
thority of a general government of the colonies. The army 
about Boston was adopted as the Continental Army, and 
George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief. 

7. While Washington was on his way to take command 
of the army, news met him that an important battle had 
been fought. At the time of this conflict the British army 

3. What of the retreat of the British ? Loss on each side ? 

4. What was the effect of news of the affair at Lexington and Concord ? Where 

is Lexington? (See Map, p. 81.) Where is Concord? 

5. Give an account of the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 

6. Where and when did the Secoud Continental Congress meet? What was done 

by this Congress ? 

7. What news met Washington while he was on his way to the American army ? 

What is said of the British array at this time ? 



u 



THE REVOLUTION. 



[1775 




Boston and Vicinity. 



in Boston, having lately been increased by reinforcements 
under the distinguished Generals Howe, Clinton, and Bur- 
goyne', numbered more than ten thousand men. 

8. The battle of Bunker Hill, as it is called, occurred 
on the lTth of June. The preceding night, Colonel Prescott, 

with about a thousand men, 
was sent from the Ameri- 
can camp to get the start 
of the British, by being the 
first to occupy the heights 
of Charlestown. He was 
ordered to take possession 
of Bunker Hill, which is 
the highest eminence ; but 
Breed's Hill, being nearer to 
Boston, was finally selected 
as a better position for in- 
vesting the town. Late in 
the night the Americans be- 
gan to construct a small redoubt on the summit where the 
monument now stands to commemorate the battle. 

9. In the morning the British opened fire upon the re- 
doubt from ships in the harbor and from a battery in Boston ; 
but the Americans kept steadily at their work. Before the 
battle began they received reinforcements. In the after- 
noon three thousand regulars, under command of General 
Howe, advanced to dislodge them. Twice, the assailants, 
when near the works, were repulsed by a fire which swept 
down whole ranks of them. Being reenforced, they were 
a third time led to the charge, and with better success. 
The provincials, having now used up their ammunition, 
slowly and reluctantly retreated. While the battle was 
raging, Charlestown was set on fire by the enemy. 

10. The loss of the British was more than a thousand men, 
that of the Americans not half so many ; but among theif 

8. When did the battle of Bunker Hill occur ? Give an account of operations the 

night before. In what direction from Boston is Charlestown ? Cambridge J 
See Map above. 

9. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill. 
10 What was the loss on each side ? 



1775] THE WAR. 85 

killed was General Joseph Warren, one of the most active 
and distinguished patriots of Boston. The result was very 
encouraging to the Americans, while it mortified and dis- 
pirited the British, who had often boasted that a few 
regiments could conquer the whole country. 

11. Washington reached Cambridge, the headquarters 
of the American army, about a fortnight after the battle of 
Bunker Hill. He found there a large body of provincials, 
ignorant of regular warfare, and deficient in arms, ammuni- 
tion, and other military stores. He at once set about 
organizing and disciplining his soldiers, and, while using 
every effort to obtain supplies, kept the enemy penned up 
in Boston and Charlestown. 

12. At the same time two expeditions were sent against 
Canada. Their object was not to molest the inhabitants, 
but to deprive the British of the province. One army went 
by the way of Lake Cham plain. The command of this ex- 
pedition was given to General Philip Schuyler (ski'ler), but 
by his illness it soon devolved upon General Richard 
Montgomery (mont-gum'er-i), a gallant and able officer, who 
had served with Wolfe at the taking of Quebec. Mont- 
gomery, after capturing some British forts, took possession 
of Montreal and advanced down the St. Lawrence. 

13. Meanwhile, the other invading force, led by Colonel 
Benedict Arnold, ascended the Kennebec River, and, after 
great suffering from hunger and fatigue in the wilderness, 
approached Quebec. The forces of Montgomery and 
Arnold were united, and an unsuccessful assault was made 
upon Quebec on the last day of the year. In the conflict 
Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded. After this 
repulse, the Americans went into camp for the rest of the 
winter. Early the next summer (1116) they were forced to 
abandon the country. 

10. What distinguished patriot was killed in the battle ? Result of the battle ? 
-11. When did Washington reach Cambridge ? What did he find there, and what 
did he set about doing ? .... 

12. What two expeditions were sent out? What can you tell of the expedition 

which went by the way of Lake Champlain ? 

13. What can you tell of the other invading army ? Of the attack upon Quebec' 

What befell the invaders the next summer ? 



8fl . THE REVOLUTION. [177a 

14. During the first year of the war, royal authority 

in the colonies came to an end, most of the king's gov- 
ernors taking refuge on board English ships. Lord Dun- 
more, the royal governor of Virginia, was particularly 
active in the king's cause. Fearing Patrick Henry and 
other Whigs, at length he fled to a British man-of-war. 
Afterwards, on New Year's Day, 1776, he attacked and 
burned Norfolk, the largest and richest town in Virginia. 
The same fate had already fallen upon Falmouth (fal'muth), 
now Portland, Maine, which was wantonly bombarded and 
burned by one of the British naval officers who were threat- 
ening the coast of New England. 

15. Events of 1776. — The condition of his army pre- 
vented Washington from beginning active operations against 
the enemy in Boston till the spring of 1776. On the night 
of March 4, he sent a body of troops to take possession of 
Dorchester (now South Boston) Heights. By morning, 
fortifications had been thrown up, which threatened the 
harbor and the town. 

16. Sir William Howe, who had succeeded General 
Gage, being unwilling to learn again the lesson of Bunker 
Hill, finally concluded to give up Boston to the Americans. 
Accordingly, on the 17th of March, he evacuated, the town, 
his army and more than a thousand Tories embarking on 
board ships for Halifax. The British were permitted to 
retire unmolested, it being understood that, in this case, 
they would not destroy the town. 

17. Fearing that the British fleet, on leaving Boston, 
would sail for New York, Washington moved most of his 
army to that city. Part of his forces he placed at Brooklyn, 
on Long Island, to defend the approach from that direction; 
the rest he stationed in New York. It was supposed that 
the enemy would endeavor to capture this place, as it was 
a central position for operating against the colonies. 

14. What is said of royal authority in the colonies, and of the kind's governors i 

Of Lord Dunmore and the destruction of Norfolk ? Of Portland ? 

15. What steps did Washington take to dislodg-e the enemy from Boston ? 

16. When did the British evacuate Boston ? What of Tories ? 

17. Where did Washington next move his army ? Where did he place his forces i 

Why was it supposed the British would endeavor to capture New York ? 



1776.] THE WAR. 87 

18. In the winter, Sir Henry Clinton, with British troops, 
had sailed southward from Boston. Having been joined 
by a powerful squadron from Great Britain, under Sir Peter 
Parker, he appeared early in June before Charleston, 
South Carolina. The harbor was guarded by a rude fort 
on Sullivan's Island, held by Colonel Moultrie (mole'tri) 
with a few hundred men. 

19. On the 28th of June the British attacked the fort 
both by sea and land, and were repulsed with the loss of 
many men, and with much damage to their ships. The 
fort was afterwards named Fort Moultrie, in honor of its 
brave defender. In a few days the British sailed for New 
York, and for two years and a half the southern colonies 
had a respite from the calamities of war. 

2, From the Declaration of Independence to the Inva- 
sion of Georgia. War chiefly in the North. 

20. Events of 1778, continued. — England had declared 
the colonists rebels, and, to subdue them, she determined to 
increase her army in America by sending over, not only 
British soldiers, but also seventeen thousand German troops 
hired of their rulers. Most of these mercenaries were 
Hessians, from Hesse Cassel (hess leas' sel). So far the 
colonies had been struggling for a redress of grievances ; 
but the war was now to be carried on for independence. 

21. Early in June, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, in- 
troduced into Congress,, then sitting in the State House 
at Philadelphia, a resolution, declaring that These United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
States. After much deliberation, Congress agreed to this 
resolution, and July 4, 11*76, adopted a Declaration of 
Independence drawn up by Thomas Jefferson. The date 
of its adoption is recognized as the birthday of the nation. 

18. Give an account of the expedition which went against Charleston. How was 

the harbor guarded ? 

19. What can you tell of the attack upon the fort ? What name was given the 

f° r t ■ How lon^ before war was again carried on in the southern colonies ? 

20. In what way did England determine to increase her army in America ? 

21. What resolution did Richard Henry Lee introduce into Congress ? Who 

drew up the Declaration of Independence, and when was it adopted ? What 
further is said of this Declaration ? 



88 



THE REVOLUTION. 



[177ft 



Throughout the land, now first named the United States of 
America, the declaration was received with great joy. 

22. Just before this time, 
General Howe had arrived 
in New York harbor, from 
Halifax, with the garrison 
he had taken from Boston, 
and with other soldiers. 
He was soon joined by 
his brother, Admiral Lord 
Howe, from England, who 
brought large reinforce- 
ments, and by Clinton, with 
the troops lately repulsed 
at Sullivan's Island. The 
British commander now had 
an army of near thirty 




thousand veteran troops ; 
Washington's army was 
much smaller, and was, be- 
sides, poorly armed and 
disciplined. 

23. General Howe first 
moved against the Ameri- 
can troops on Long Island, 
who only four days before 
this attack had been placed 
under the command of Gen- 
eral Israel Putnam, a brave 
old soldier, who had served 
in the French and Indian 
New York and vicinity. War. The battle occurred 

August 21, and resulted in a victory for the British. On 
the second night after this defeat Washington secretly and 
skilfully withdrew his troops from Long Island to New York. 

22. What British forces arrived in New York harbor ? What is said of the 

opposing armies ? 

23. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. What did Washington do aftel 

this defeat. 



1776.] THE WAR. 89 

24. Soon afterwards he removed his army to Harlem 
Heights, in the northern part of New York Island, and 
the British took possession of the city, September 15. To 
prevent the enemy from gaining the rear of his camp, the 
American commander was next compelled to retire to 
White Plains, where a partial action took place near the 
end of October, in which the British had the advantage. 
Washington then retired a few miles farther north, to a, 
strong position on the heights of North Castle. 

25. The British general now began to retrace his steps, 
and on the 16th of November attacked Fort Washington, 
a post on the Hudson, in the northern part of New York 
Island. After a brave defence, the garrison of nearly three 
thousand men was forced to surrender. Seeing that the 
British intended to enter New Jersey, Washington crossed 
over into that state with the main body of his army. A 
stronger force under Lord Cornwallis (korn-wol'lis) fol- 
lowed, and closely pursuing the patriot troops, obliged them 
to retreat through New Jersey to Trenton, where they 
crossed the Delaware, near the end of the year. 

26. This was the gloomiest period of the war. Since 
the landing of the enemy on Long Island, there had been 
for the Americans little else than disasters and retreats. 
The city of New York was in the hands of the British ; 
they had overrun New Jersey. Washington's soldiers, 
now a feeble remnant of an army, were poorly clad, poorly 
armed, and disheartened. A fleet from New York had 
just taken possession of Newport, then the second town in 
New England. To add to these and other discouragements, 
many persons of wealth and influence, believing the cause 
to be lost, were going over to the enemy. 

27. Having received some reinforcements, Washington, 
by a bold stroke, revived the spirits of his countrymen. At 

14. Give an account of the operations of the opposing 1 armies, including the battle 
of White Plains, and the retreat of the Americans to North Castle. 

25. Give an account of the capture of Fort Washington. Of the retreat and pur- 
suit through New Jersey. Where is Trenton ? (See Map, p. 81.) 

£6. What is said about this period of the war ? What of New York and New 
Jersey? Of Washington's army? Of Newport? What other injury to 
the American cause is" mentioned ? Where is Newport ? (See Map, p. 81 ) 



00 THE REVOLUTION. [1777. 

the head of twenty-four hundred men he recrossed the 
Delaware on the stormy night of Christmas, while the river 
was full of floating ice, and in the morning of December 

26. suddenly fell upon a body of Hessians at Trenton, and 
took nearly a thousand prisoners. The Americans lost 
only four men — two killed, and two frozen to death. 

28. Events of 1777. — Late in the afternoon, a week 
later, Lord Cornwallis reached Trenton with a large force. 
The hostile armies were separated by a small stream when 
the British general encamped for the night, intending to 
crush his adversary in the morning. Being too weak to 
risk an engagement, Washington, by a circuitous route, 
made a rapid night-march to Princeton, where, early in the 
morning, January 3, he surprised a detachment which was 
on the way to join Cornwallis, routed it, and took about 
three hundred prisoners. 

29. As soon as Cornwallis heard the firing at Princeton, 
and saw the deserted camp, he turned in pursuit ; but he 
was unable to overtake the patriot army. Washington 
encamped in a region difficult of access for an enemy, his 
headquarters being at Morristown. By sending out detach- 
ments to harass the British, he soon cleared New Jersey of 
hostile troops, excepting at New Brunswick andAinboy'. 
The brilliant exploits at Trenton and Princeton gained for 
Washington, both at home and abroad, great glory as a 
prudent, daring, and skilful commander. 

30. No very important enterprises were undertaken by 
either army for about six months. Washington, meanwhile, 
was reorganizing and disciplining his forces. The chief 
expedition sent out by the British commander during this 
time was led by General Tryon, late royal governor of New 
York. This officer, near the end of April, went up Long 
Island Sound with two thousand men, and landed in Con- 

27. Give an account of Washington's victory at Trenton. 

28. What can you tell of the hostile armies a week later, and of Washington's 

success at Princeton ? Where is Princeton ? (See Map, p. 81.) 

29. What can you tell of the pursuit of Washington by Cornwallis ? How was 

most of New Jersey recovered from the British ? Where is Morristown I 
(See Map, p. 81.) New Brunswick ? Amboy ? 

30. How was Washington employed for some months? What can you tell of 

Tryon's expedition into Connecticut ? 



17770 THE WAR. 91 

necticut. Marching into the country, he destroyed the 
public stores at Danbury, and set fire to the town. The 
militia and a few continental troops bravely attacked the 
invaders, and pursued them back to their boats. 

31. In the spring of this year, the Marquis de Lafayette 
(lah-fd-et 1 ), a wealthy French nobleman, not yet twenty 
years old, fitted out a vessel and crossed the ocean to 
fig-ht for American freedom. While many officers from 
Europe sought for high rank in the patriot forces, and for 
money, this gallant Frenchman offered to serve as a volun- 
teer, and without pay. Congress, however, soon appointed 
him a major-general. He proved to be an able officer, and 
became the trusted friend of Washington. He won the 
hearts of the people whom he came to aid, and no native 
of a foreign land has ever been held by the Americans in 
so high honor. Lafayette brought with him the Baron de 
Kalb, a German veteran, and several other officers. 

32. Two brave and distinguished Poles, Thaddeus Kos- 
ci-us'ko and Count Pulaski [pu-las'kl), served in the patriot 
army, and left honored names in American history. The 
German, De Kalb, and the Pole, Pulaski, both gave their 
lives for the cause* they had embraced. But perhaps no 
one who came from abroad to help us gain our indepen- 
dence, Lafayette excepted, did so important service as the 
Baron Steuben (slu'ben)*, a Prussian, who arrived in the 
country near the close of this year. After he was ap- 
pointed inspector-general, he thoroughly trained the Ameri- 
can army, and by his rare skill and untiring efforts, soon 
made its soldiers worthy to be ranked with veterans. 

33. Near the end of May, Washington placed his main 
army in a strong position so as to be ready to oppose the 
British, should they attempt to advance towards Phila- 
delphia. General Howe, after unsuccessfully manoeuvring 
to entice the Americans from their strong post, suddenly 

* German pronunciation stoi'ben. 

31. What did the Marquis de Lafayette do in the spring' of this ye&r ? What offer 

did he make, and what did Congress do? What more can you tell of 
Lafayette? 

32. What can you tell of Kosciusko, Pulaski, and De Kalb ? Of Raron Steuben? 

33. What did Washington do near the end of May ? What did Howe do ? 



92 



THE REVOLUTION. 



[1777. 




crossed over to Stat'en Island, and put to sea with his 
brother's fleet and about eighteen thousand men. 

34. After a pe- 
riod of suspense, 
news came that the 
British fleet was 
ascending Chesa- 
peake Bay, and it 
was then certain 
that the enemy in- 
tended to march 
upon Philadelphia. 
fr- Washington was 
ready, though with 
but eleven thou- 
sand effective men, 
to oppose the in- 
vading forces. The 
armies met at 
Chad's Ford, on the Brandywine, September 11, and after 
an engagement that lasted nearly all day, the Americans 
retreated. Congress adjourned, first to Lancaster, and then 
to York, Pennsylvania, where it remained while the British 
held Philadelphia. 

35. Near the end of September the British entered 
Philadelphia. Their fleet now went out of the Chesapeake 
and came round into the Delaware. Howe sent a detach- 
ment of his troops to aid in reducing two forts which com- 
manded the river below the city. The main body of the 
royal army was encamped at G-ermantown, and here 
Washington attacked it by surprise early in the morning 
of October 4. It seemed at first as if the enterprise would 
be successful ; but after a severe action the Americans 
were repulsed with the loss of over a thousand men, 
being double that of the British. 

34. What can you tell of the battle of Brandywine ? What of Congress ? 

35. When did the British take possession of Philadelphia ? What did the British 

next do ? Give an account of the.battle of Germantown. In what direction 
is Chad's Ford from Philadelphia? Germantown from Philadelphia? (Seo 
Map above.) 



1777.] THE WAR. 93 

36. Ports Mercer and Mifflin, on the Delaware, bravely 
withstood the assaults of the land force and the ships sent 
against them. An attack in October was repulsed with 
great loss to the assailants ; but before the close of autumn 
the garrisons were compelled to abandon these defences, 
and the Delaware was thus opened to the British fleet. 

37. In December, the troops under Washington went 
into winter quarters at Valley Forge. While the British 
were enjoying their comfortable quarters in Philadelphia, 
the patriots at Valley Forge were crouching in their log 
huts, where they suffered terribly from cold, disease, and 
the want of food and clothing. 

38. The success of the British in Pennsylvania this year 
was more than balanced by disasters which befell them in 
the north, through Burgoyne's invasion. A plan had been 
formed to cut off New England from the other states by 
means of an army from Canada, which should move up 
Lake Champlain and down the Hudson. To execute this 
plan, General Burgoyne had in all near ten thousand men, 
regulars, Tories, Canadians, and Indians. 

39. Passing up the lake, he invested Fort Ticonderoga, 
July 1. General St. Clair, who was holding this post with 
three thousand men, abandoned it, and, after suffering much 
loss in the retreat, joined General Schuyler, the commander 
of the northern army, who was then at Fort Edward. 

40. Schuyler retired on the approach of Burgoyne, and 
finally took post at the mouth of the Mohawk. By felling 
trees and demolishing bridges, he had obstructed the route 
of the invaders, and made their advance extremely slow 
and difficult. It was the end of the month before Burgoyne 
reached Fort Edward, whence, after stopping some days, 
he advanced along the east bank of the Hudson. Dif- 
ficulties soon began to thicken around him. 

36. What is said of Forts Mercer and Mifflin ? 

37. Where did Washington go into winter quarters, and what is said of the 

patriot troops ? Where is Valley Forge i (See Map, p. 92.) 

38. What plan was Burgoyne to try to execute ? How large was his army ? 

39. What fort did he invest ? What is said of St. Clair ? 

40. Who was the commander of the northern army, and where did he finally take 

post ? What is said of the advance of Burgoyne ? 



94 



%BM BEVOMJTION. 



H777. 



41. Just before mor- 
ing forward from Fort 
Edward, Burgoyne de- 
spatched Colonel Baum 
(bowm) > with five hun- 
dred men, to seize some 
stores collected at Ben- 
nington, Vermont. This 
detachment and another 
sent to reenforce it were 
totally defeated. August 
16, by Colonel John 
Stark, with New Eng- 
land militia. Victory or 
death was the resolve of 
Stark, as he led on his 
men. " There they are," 
he exclaimed ; "we beat 
to-day, or Molly Stark's 
a widow ! ,; 

42. The invasion re- 
ceived another check. 
Colonel St. Leger had 

Burgoyne's Expedition. Saratoga and Vicinity. been S6nt with a detach- 

ment to sweep through the Mohawk Valley, from the west, 
and join the main army at Albany. With a large force of 
regulars, Canadians, Tories, and Indians, he laid siege to 
Fort Schuyler, where Rome now is. General Herkimer 
hastened with a body of militia to the relief of the garrison, 
but was stopped at Oris'kany, where he fell into an 
ambuscade. In this bloody conflict Herkimer was mortal- 
ly wounded. General Arnold then marched to the assist- 
ance of the besieged. Hearing that Arnold was approach- 
ing, the Indians fled, and St. Leger gave up the siege. 

43. Reinforcements were pouring into the. American 

41. Give an account of the battle of Bennington. Where is Bennington ? 

.42. For what purpose had an expedition been sent under St. Leger ? What of the 
siege Of Fort Schuyler, and the battle of Oris'kany ? How was the garrison 
relieved ? Where was Ft.Schuyler ? (See Map, p. 81.) Oriskany ? 




! 713 



1777.] THE WAR. 95 

camp. Just as General Schuyler was in condition to con- 
front the invaders with a good prospect of success, he was 
superseded by General Gates. At length Burgoyne crossed 
the Hudson and advanced down the river. On the 19th 
of September the armies met at Be'mis's Heights, near 
Saratoga, and an indecisive battle was fought. On the 7 th 
of the next month a second battle occurred near the same 
place, resulting in a decided advantage to the Americans. 
In these battles Colonel Daniel Morgan so skilfully led his 
riflemen as greatly to increase his fame. General Arnold, 
though without any regular command, was the animating 
spirit in the last conflict, and displayed reckless daring. 

44. The situation of the royal army had now become 
nearly hopeless ; the troops were exhausted with toil and 
watching ; they attempted to retreat, but found that all 
avenues of escape had been closed ; their provisions were 
almost gone. On the 17th of October Burgoyne surren- 
dered, at Saratoga, his whole army of near six thousand men. 

45. Clinton had led a strong force some distance up the 
Hudson to assist the army from Canada. But these troops 
were too late to aid Burgoyne, and after his surrender they 
returned to New York. They had captured two forts in 
the Highlands, burned houses, and plundered property. 

46. In November, 1777, Congress agreed upon Articles 
of Confederation, which should form the constitution of 
the new nation, after they had been approved by all the 
states In the spring of 1781 all the states had adopted • 
these Articles. 

47. Events of 1778. — The loss of Burgoyne's army, and 
fear that France was about to take part in the contest, 
caused the British government, early in 1778, to offer to 
concede all that the colonies had asked for at the begin- 
ning of the controversy. Commissioners were sent over 
from England to bring about a reconciliation, but the 

43. By whom was Schuyler superseded, and under what circumstances ? What 

is said of the two battles near Saratoga ? Of Morgan and Arnold ? 

44. What, can you tell of Burgoyne's situation, and of his surrender ? 

45. What is said of a force sent from New York to relieve Burgoyne ? 

46. What is said of Articles of Confederation ? 

47. What offer was mar 1 '* by the British government early in 1778 ? 



96 



THE REVOLUTION. 



[1778 




offers came too late. Congress refused to treat unless 
the independence of the states should be first acknowl 
edged, or the British forces withdrawn. 

48. Another event which 
resulted from Burgoyne's sur- 
render produced great joy in 
America. Early in February 
Prance acknowledged the in- 
dependence of the United 
States, and made treaties of 
friendship, commerce, and al- 
liance with the infant republic. 
'-.*< ^ n^ -_:- , v:gg Before this the French gov- 

ernment had secretly aided 
the Americans with arms and 
supplies. The distinguished 
Benjam Dr. Franklin, then over seven- 

ty years old, was the leading commissioner for the United 
States at the French court. He managed affairs so wisely, 
and* was held in so high regard at the French capital, that 
we may well believe no other American could have done so 
much there for his country as he did. 

49. Early in the summer, a French fleet was on its way 
to the assistance of the Americans. As Philadelphia could 
not safely be held after the arrival of this fleet, Sir Henry- 
Clinton, who had lately superseded General Howe, evac- 
uated the city, June 18, and crossed over into New Jersey, 
intending to concentrate the royal forces in New York. 

50. Washington immediately followed, and on the morn- 
ing of June 28, overtook the enemy at Monmouth (mon'- 
muth) Court House, where a battle was fought. At first 
the Americans came near meeting with serious disaster 
through the misconduct of General Charles Lee, who led 

47. What reply did Congress make to the offers ? 

48. What step did Burgoyne's surrender cause France to take ? What is said of 

Dr. Franklin at the French court ? 

49. Why did the British evacuate Philadelphia, and when ? Where was it in- 

tended to concentrate the roval troops ? 

50. Give an account of the battle" of Monmouth. Where was Monmouth? (See 

Map, " Part of New Jersey," p. 81.) 



1778.] THE WAR. 9T 

the van of the pursuing army. But Washington arrived at 
the critical moment, checked the retreat of Lee's troops, 
and restored the order of battle. Night put an end to the 
action, and, under cover of darkness, Clinton silently with- 
drew his troops and marched for New York. 

51. Washington crossed the Hudson, and encamped at 
White Plains. The main army remained several months 
on the east side of the river, not far from New York ; but, 
during the winter, the troops were cantoned on both sides 
of the Hudson, the headquarters being at Middlebrook, in 
New Jersey. 

52. In the summer of this year, the lovely valley of 
Wyo'ming (wi-o'ming), in Pennsylvania, was the scene of 
a horrid massacre. A large body of Tories and Indians, led 
by Colonel John Butler, made a descent into the valley, from 
Western New York, butchered the inhabitants, and laid 
waste the settlement. In the fall, Cherry Valley, in New 
York, suffered almost a like fate from Tories and Indians. 

53. Early in July, the French fleet, under Count 
D'Estaing (des-tan[g']) f * sent to aid the Americans, ap- 
peared in Delaware Bay. D'Estaing soon afterwards sailed 
for Newport, then held by six thousand British troops. It 
having been decided to make an attack upon the enenry here, 
General Sullivan landed on the Island of Rhode Island, with 
militia and continental troops, to cooperate with the French 
ships off Newport. Just before the land and naval forces 
were ready to begin the attack, the British fleet, under 
Lord Howe, was seen coming to relieve the town. 

54. D'Estaing sailed out to give battle, but a furious 
storm prevented an engagement, and so crippled his ships 
that he afterwards put into the harbor of Boston to refit. 

* See note, p. 55. 

51. Where was Washington's main army for several months ? During the winter ? 

Where is Middlebrook ? (See Map, " Part of New Jersey." p. 80.) 

52. Give an account of the attack upon the valley of Wyoming. The attack upon 

Cherry Valley. Where is the Wyoming Valley ? (See Map, p. 81.) Where 
is Cherry Valley ? 

53. When and where did the French fleet arrive, and under whom ? What place 

did the French intend to attack, and who cooperated ? What happened just 
before the attack was to be made ? 
64. What caused the attack upon Newport to be given up ? 

7 



98 THE REVOLUTION. [1778. 

The enterprise had now to be abandoned. Although Sullivan 
was obliged to retreat, he was able to check the pursuit of 
the enemy, in a sharp action which occurred in the northern 
end of the island. 

3. From the Invasion of Georgia to the Close of the 
War. War chiefly in the South. 

55. Events of 1778, continued. — Towards the close of 
11*78, the south began to be the principal theatre of the 
war, and Georgia, the weakest of the southern states, was 
the first to be attacked. Late in December, Colonel Camp- 
bell,* with thirty-five hundred troops from New York, 
landed near Savannah. They found there only about a 
thousand men, under General Robert Howe, to oppose 
them. These were surprised and completely routed, and 
the town fell into the hands of the English, December 29. 

56. Events of 1779. — The year 17*79 is distinguished 
for nothing very decisive in the war of the Revolution. 
A few da} r s after the fall of Savannah, General Prevost 
(pre-vost') arrived with royal troops that had been stationed 
in Florida, and assumed the chief command. A detach- 
ment which he sent out, captured Augusta, and soon the 
subjugation of Georgia was completed, in spite of the 
efforts of General Lincoln (ling'kun), the American com- 
mander at the south. 

5*7. Two encounters are worthy of mention. In the 
first, a body of militia, led by Colonel Pickens, defeated 
seven hundred Tories, as they were on their way to the 
British camp ; in the second, a detachment of Americans, 
under General Ashe (ash), was routed at Brier Creek. 
Having conquered Georgia, Prevost marched against 
Charleston, South Carolina; but, as the town was prepared 
to make a stout resistance and General Lincoln was coming 

* Pronounced Jcam'bel or Team' el. 

54. What did Sullivan do ? 

55. When did the South beg-in to be the principal theatre of the war ? What 

state was first attacked ? Give an account of the fall of Savannah. 

56. What is said of the year 1779 ? Of General Prevost ? Of the subjugation of 

Georgia ? 
67. What is said of a victory gained by Colonel Pickens ? Of the engagement at 
Brier Creek ? Of the attempt of Prevost to capture Charleston ? 



1779.] THE WAR. 99 

with his army to its relief, the British general quickly gave 
up his design. After some fighting the main body of the 
enemy returned to Georgia. 

58. When D'Estaing had repaired his ships in Boston, 
he sailed for the West Indies, to operate against the Eng- 
lish there. In September of this year, he appeared with a 
large fleet before Savannah, and laid siege to the town, 
General Lincoln cooperating. On the 9th of October, the 
combined forces made an assault upon the enemy's works, 
and were repulsed with great loss. In this assault the 
gallant Count Pulaski was mortally wounded. The French 
reembarked, and the Americans retired to Charleston. 

59. In the mean time Clinton, in the north, was mainly 
employed in holding New York, and sending out expedi- 
tions to destroy towns on the coast, and to pillage the 
country. One body of marauders invaded Virginia, an- 
other, led by the infamous Tryon, burned and plundered 
towns in Connecticut. 

60. About the beginning of summer, Clinton went up 
the Hudson, and captured Stony Point and Verplanck's 
Point, where he left strong garrisons. The American 
forces were so small that Washington could only act on 
the defensive ; but his vigilance prevented the British from 
gaining command of the Hudson above these works, and 
thus severing New England from the other states. 

61. One of the most brilliant achievements of the 
Revolution was the storming of Stony Point, and its re- 
capture from the British by General Anthony Wayne, with 
troops from Washington's army. Near midnight, July 15, 
the assault was made, and the garrison forced to surrender 
at the point of the bayonet. About a month later, Major 
Henry Lee, with similar daring, surprised and captured a 
British garrison at Paulus Hook, now Jersey City. 

58. Where did D'Estaing- sail after repairing his ships at Boston ? What caa ' 

you tell of the attempt to recover Savannah ? 

59. Meanwhile how was Clinton employed ? What is said of two marauding ex- 

peditions ? 

60. What posts had Clinton captured ? What is said of the American forces ? 

61. What can you tell of the storming of Stony Point ? Of the capture of the 

British garrison at Paulus Hook ? 



100 THE REVOLUTION. [1779. 

62. Late in the summer of this year, General Sullivan 
led an army of about five thousand men to chastise the 
Indians of Western New York for their atrocious deeds at 
Wyoming, Cherry Valley, and other places. Sullivan routed 
a body of Indians and Tories where Elmira now is, and then, 
proceeding northward and westward, burned the Indian 
villages, destroyed the fields of corn and the orchards, lay- 
ing waste the country to the Genesee (jen-e-see 1 ) River. 

63. The Americans had made war on the sea as well as 
on the land. In the first year of the contest, 1*7*75, steps were 
taken by Congress to create a little navy. Many privateers 
were afterwards sent out ; and these took hundreds of Eng- 
lish merchant vessels as prizes. 

64. The most celebrated of the naval commanders in the 
service of the United States was John Paul Jones. In 
September, 1*7*79, while cruising near the coast of England 
with the Bon Homme Richard (bo-nom're-shar'), and other 
ships fitted out in France, he captured two British vessels 
of war, after one of the most desperate naval combats on 
record. In the summer of this year Spain allied herself 
with France in the war against England. 

65. In the autumn, Clinton withdrew the troops from 
Newport, which the British had held nearly three years. 
The outposts on the Hudson were also given up, and their 
garrisons called to New York. Leaving a strong force to 
hold that place, Clinton, near the end of December, sailed 
south with seven thousand troops and a large fleet. 

66. Events of 1780. — Georgia having been subdued, 
the war was now to be carried into the Carolinas. In the 
spring, the land force under Clinton, aided by the fleet, laid 
siege to Charleston. After a gallant defence of several 
weeks, General Lincoln, still the commander at the south, 

P^. Give an account of Sullivan's expedition against the Indians of Western 

New York. 
ba. What is said of war on the sea ? Of the American navy, and of privateers ? 

64. What is said of John Paul Jones, and a naval victory which he gained ? What 

did Spain do in the summer of 1779. ? 

65. What posts did Clinton give up in the autumn? After this, what did he do ? 
*6. Where was the war to be carried in 1780 ? What can you tell of the sieg« 

of Charleston ? 



1780.] THE WAR. 1G>. 

was compelled, May 12, to surrender the town, with its 
defenders, to the enemy. 

67. Clinton next sent expeditions into the interior. A 
detachment of mounted men, under Colonel Tarleton, over- 
took and defeated a body of American troops at Waxhaw 
Creek. This was one of Tarleton's bloody exploits. Most 
of the Americans were killed or maimed after they had 
begged for quarter." Having overrun South Carolina, and 
stationed garrisons in various parts of the state, Clinton 
returned to New York with a large body of. his troops, 
leaving Lord Cornwallis in command at the south. 

68. Congress gave General Gates command of the south- 
ern department. He hastily marched against the enemy in 
the Carolinas, and, August 16, met Cornwallis in the battle 
of Sanders' Creek, near Camden. It ended in the complete 
rout of the Americans. At the first onset, the militia threw 
down their arms and fled. The regular troops, whom 
Washington had sent from his army, fought bravely, but 
they, too, at length gave way. The brave Baron de Kalb 
was mortally wounded. Two days after this defeat, a body 
of American troops, under Colonel Sumter, was surprised 
and scattered by Tarleton's cavalry. 

69. Cornwallis was now master of South Carolina, and he 
treated the Whigs with great severity. But his harsh and 
cruel measures could not crush out all resistance. The daring 
leaders, Francis Marion (mdr'e-un) and Thomas Sumter, 
with such irregular troops as they could collect, were 
always on the watch to injure the enemy. They struck 
the invaders and the Tories many a sudden blow. 

TO. Not long after his victory over Gates, Cornwallis 
moved his army into North Carolina, to attempt the con- 
quest of that state. He had detached Major Ferguson with 
troops to crush opposition and rouse the Tories in the 

67. What is said of expeditions ? The affair at Waxhaw Creek? Where is Wax- 

haw Creek ? (See Map, p. 80.) What of Clinton ? 

68. Whom did Congress appoint to command in the south ? Give an account of 

the hattle of Sanders' Creek. Where is Camden ? (See Map, p. 80.) What 
befell Sumter's troops ? 

69. What is said of Cornwallis's course in S. Carolina? Of Marion and Sumte* ' 

70. What did Cornwallis attempt not long after defeating Gates ? 



102 THE REVOLUTION. [1780, 

western part of the Carolinas. The Tories and regulars, 
under Ferguson, met with a total defeat, October 7, at 
King's Mountain, at the hands of about a thousand 
mounted backwoodsmen. Alarmed by this disaster, Corn- 
wallis marched back into South Carolina. In December, 
General Nathanael Greene, one of Washington's best 
generals, took command in the south in the place of Gates. 

71. No important enterprise was • undertaken in the 
Northern States this year. The troops of Washington, in 
huts near Morristown, suffered extremely from the severe 
cold of the' " hard winter 7; of 1779-80, and from the want 
of provisions. Owing to the state of the finances it was 
difficult to obtain supplies for the army. Congress had to 
depend almost wholly upon paper money to carry on the 
war ; and so enormous an amount of it had been issued, that 
in the spring of this year forty paper dollars were worth 
only a single dollar in specie. The people feared that the 
bills would never be paid. In after years this continental 
money, as it was called, became almost worthless. 

72. Lafayette had spent the winter in France, and, mainly 
by his efforts, King Louis XVI. was induced to send an- 
other French fleet and army to aid the Americans. In 
July, the fleet, under Admiral de Ternay,* arrived at New- 
port, bringing more than five thousand soldiers, commanded 
by Count de Kpchambeau.f These troops remained at 
Newport for some months tp protect their ships from an 
expected attack by a superior British fleet. 

73. It was in September, 1780, that the treason of 
Arnold was brought to light. This officer had been one 
cf the bravest and most active defenders of the patriot 
cause ; but now his feelings had become embittered against 
the government, and he was distressed by his debts. To 

* de (e like e in matter) ter-na'. t ro-sh$n[g]-bo' . 

70. What can you tell of the defeat of the enemy at King's Mountain ? TV 3iot did 

Oornwallis then do ? By whom was Gates superseded, and when ? 

71. What is said of Washington's troops ? Of the finances and paper money ? 

72. What is said of Lafayette ? When and where did a French fleet and army 

arrive, and under whom ? Why did the French troops remain at Newport ? 

73. When was the treason of Arnold brought to light ? What is said of Arnold'l 

services, and of his feelings at this time ? 



1780.] THE WAR. 103 

gratify his personal enmity, and to obtain money, this 
selfish and wayward man resolved to turn traitor to his 
country. He obtained command of the important fortress 
of West Point, which guarded the Hudson, and offered to 
deliver it into the hands of the enemy. 

74. Major Andre (an'drd), a young and accomplished 
British officer, was sent to meet Arnold below West Point 
to make the final arrangements. The interview took place, 
and Andre*, in disguise, set out to return to New York on 
horseback. While on the road he was stopped by three 
armed militia-men. They searched him, and found papers 
in his boots, which revealed the plot. Arnold, hearing of 
Andrews capture, fled to the British, who gave him the price 
of his infamy — a large sum of money, and the rank of 
brigadier general. Andre was tried, and hanged as a spy. 

75. Events of 1781. — The very first day of 1781 — the 
decisive year of the war — was marked by an event which 
threatened serious danger to the American cause. This 
was the revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, who, to the 
number of thirteen hundred, marched from their camp near 
Morristown, declaring that they would appear before 
Congress to demand a redress of grievances. The soldiers 
had not been paid for months, and had suffered severely 
from the want of food and clothing. The Pennsylvania 
troops complained qji still another hardship — that they 
were held after their term of service had expired. 

76. When the revolters had marched as far as Princeton, 
proposals for satisfying their demands were made to them 
by a committee from Congress, and being accepted, the 
mutiny came to an end. A revolt of some of the New 
Jersey troops bro"ke out soon afterwards, but this Wash- 
ington quickly suppressed by military power. Later in 
the year, Congress appointed Robert Morris to be super- 
intendent of finance for the government. The money 

73. Why did he turn traitor, and what offer did he make to the British ? 

74. Give an account of Andre's connection with this affair, and of his seizure. 

What further is said of Arnold ? Fate of Andre ? 

75. 76. Give an account of the revolt of the Pennsylvania troops. 

76. What is said of the revolt of the New Jersey troops ? What office was con- 

ferred upon Robert Morris, and what is said of his efforts ? 



104 THE REVOLUTION. [178L 

affairs of the United States were placed by him upon a 
better basis, and were most skilfully managed. His spirited 
exertions greatly relieved the wants of the army. 

77. When General Greene took command at the south, 
he found an army of only two thousand poorly-clad and 
half-starved men. But small as his force was, he thought 
best to divide it. The main body he placed in camp on 
the Great Pedee', near the northern border of South Carolina, 
while a detachment, under General Morgan, went into the 
western part of the state, to annoy the enemy there. 

78. The English general, Cornwallis, despatched his 
favorite officer, Tarleton, to pursue and crush Morgan ; but 
the latter, retreating to a place called the Cowpens, made 
a stand, January IV, and routed his pursuers. Tarleton 
fled to Cornwallis, who started in hot pursuit of the 
victors, eager to punish them, and release the five hun- 
dred prisoners they had taken. But Morgan was too 
nimble for his foe. He quickly retreated into North Caro- 
lina, and crossed the Catawba River just before the British 
came in sight. Fortunately a heavy fall of rain raised 
the waters of the river, and kept back the pursuers. 

T9. Here Greene reached Morgan's camp, and put him- 
self at the head of the victorious troops. Closely pursued 
by the superior forces of Cornwallis, the American com- 
mander made a masterly retreat across North Carolina, 
and having united the two divisions of his army while on 
the march, placed his troops in safety on the north bank of 
the Dan, in Virginia. 

80. Cornwallis now gave over the pursuit, and turned 
southward. In a few days Greene, having been strength- 
ened by a body of militia, followed his adversary, and, 
March 15, met him at Guilford Court House, where a battle 

77. What is said of the southern army when Greene took command of it ? What 

disposition did he make of his main force and of a detachment ? 

78. Give an account of Morgan's victory at the Cowpens. What did Cornwallis 

now do ? What did Morgan do ? Where is the place called " the Cowpens " ? 
(See Map, p. 80.) The Catawba River ? 

79. What is said of Greene's masterly retreat across North Carolina ? 

80. Give an account of what was afterwards done by Cornwallis and Greene, 

including the battle of Guilford. Where was Guilford Court House ? (.Set 
Map, p. 80.) After this battle where did Cornwallis go ? 



1781.] THE WAR. 105 

was fought, in which the British remained masters of the 
field, but at such a cost that Cornwallis withdrew to Wil- 
mington, near the sea. 

81. Greene pursued him awhile, and then took the bold 
step of advancing" directly upon the British posts in South 
Carolina. Near Camden, the enemy's strongest post, was 
fought the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, April 25. Lord Rawdon, 
the British commander in this action, compelled Greene to 
give up the field, but gained no advantages of a victory. 

82. So vigilant was the American general, so well did he 
lay his plans, and so efficiently was he aided by his officers, 
Henry Lee, Marion, Sumter, and others, that before the mid- 
dle of summer almost all the British posts in the interior 
were in the hands of the Americans. They had been cap- 
tured, or their garrisons had been forced to evacuate them. 

83. In the hot and sickly season Greene gave his sol- 
diers rest awhile on the high hills of San-tee'. After a 
few weeks, he marched against the British, now com- 
manded by Colonel Stewart, and September 8, the hostile 
forces met in the bloody battle of Eutaw Springs, in which 
both sides claimed the victory. But the enemy was so 
crippled, that he retreated as fast as possible towards 
Charleston. The battle of Eutaw Springs was the last 
general engagement of the war south of Virginia. 

84. In January of this year, the traitor Arnold was 
sent, with sixteen hundred men, chiefly Tories, to invade 
Virginia. He destroyed or seized a large amount of 
property at Richmond and other places. Lafayette marched 
at the head of a detachment from Washington's army to re- 
sist the invaders ; but the latter soon being strengthened by 
two thousand British troops, under General Phillips, who 
took the chief command, were too strong for the Americans, 
and continued to plunder and lay waste the country. 

81. Give an account of Greene's movements after the battle of Guilford, and of 

the action at Hobkirk's Hill. 

82. What had been accomplished by Greene and his able officers before the 

middle of summer ? 

83. What did Greene do in the hot and sickly season? Give an account of the 

battle of Eutaw Springs. Where are Eutaw Springs ? (See Map, p. .W.) 

84. What can you tell of Arnold's invasion of Virginia ? Of Lafayette ana tb* 

invaders ? 



106 THE EE VOLUTION. |1781 

85. We left Cornwallis at Wilmington. He soon moved 
his army into Virginia, and in May effected a junction 
with the king's troops already in that state. The forces 
of Cornwallis being greatly superior to those of Lafayette, 
the latter prudently avoided an engagement. After de- 
stroying a great amount of public and private property, the 
British general collected his troops at Yorktown, which lie 
strongly fortified. A small force under Tarleton also held 
Gloucester (glos'ter) Point, nearly opposite. 

86. Meanwhile Washington planned an attack on the 
British in New York. He moved his own troops towards 
the city, and called the French under Rochambeau from 
Newport, to take part in the enterprise. But this plan 
was suddenly changed when news arrived that the Count 
de Grasse (gras) would soon reach the Chesapeake with a 
powerful French fleet. To destroy Cornwallis now became 
the object of the American commander. Carefully keeping up 
the appearance of a design to attack New York, Washington 
marched southward with the allied forces, and was far on 
the way to Virginia before Clinton suspected his purpose. 

8*7. Hoping to call back part of Washington's army, 
Clinton sent the traitor Arnold, with Tories and Hessians, 
to invade Connecticut. "New London was plundered and 
burned, and Fort Griswold, on the opposite side of the 
river, taken by assault. Enraged at the brave defence of 
the fort, the enemy butchered the commander, Colonel 
Ledyard, and most of the garrison, after the surrender. 

88. The French and American forces appeared before 
Yorktown, September 28. The fleet of De Grasse and that 
from Newport had already arrived, and blocked up the 
James and York Rivers. The siege was pressed with vigor 
by the allied armies, which numbered sixteen thousand 

85. What did Cornwallis do after leaving Wilmington i Why did Lafayette avoid 

an engagement ? Where did Cornwallis finally collect his forces ? Where 
is Yorktown ? (See Map, p. 80.) 

86. What plan had Washington formed, and what did he do to carry out this plan ? 

Why was the plan changed . ? What now became Washington's object, and 
what did he do ? 

87. Why did Clinton send Arnold to invade Connecticut ? What was done by 

Arnold's troops ? Where is New London ? (See Map, p. 81.) 

88. What can you tell of the investment of Yorktown by the land and naval forces ? 

What was the number of the troops in the opposing armies ? 



1781.] 



THE WAR. 



10T 




troops. There was no escape, by- 
land or sea, for Cornwallis and 
his garrison of less than eight 
thousand. But for three weeks 
they held out, and then, October 
19, Cornwallis surrendered his 
army to Washington, his ships 
and seamen to De Grasse. 

89. The people shouted for joy 
when intelligence that Cornwallis 
had been taken was heralded Map of Yorktown. 
throughout the country. They believed that the end of 
the long struggle was near. The capture of Cornwallis 
may be regarded as substantially closing the war, which 
had now lasted six years and six months. New York, 
Charleston, and Savannah were the only important places 
still held by the enemy. 

90. Events of 1782 and 1783. — The people of England 
had grown tired of the war. They had gained no glory by 
it, had greatly increased their national debt, and were now 
convinced that they could never subdue the Americans. 
Parliament decided to put an end to the contest, and 
commissioners to settle the terms of a peace were ap- 
pointed by both governments, to meet at Paris. Besides 
Benjamin Franklin, the United States had John Adams, 
John Jay, and Henry Laurens, to represent them. 

91. The provisional articles were signed on the last day 
of November, 1782. The final treaty was signed Septem- 
ber 3, 1783, and at the same time Great Britain concluded 
treaties with France and Spain. The independence of the 
United States was acknowledged. The boundaries as- 
signed on the east and on the north were nearly as at 
present. The Mississippi was made the western limit, and 

88. When did Cornwallis surrender? 

89. What is said of Cornwallis's capture, and of the duration of the war? What 

of places still held by the enemy ? 

90. What is said of the people of England and of Parliament ? Of commissioners .' 

91. When were provisional articles signed ? When was the final treaty signed, 

and what other treaties were made at the same time ? What was acknowl- 
edged, and what boundaries were assigned to the United States ? 



108 ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. [1783. 

Florida the southern. Florida, which then extended to the 
Mississippi, was made over to Spain. 

92. The close of the war was formally proclaimed to the 
army just eight years from the day on which the first blood 
was shed at Lexington. Our liberties were now secured, 
but at a cost that never could be calculated. Those killed 
or maimed in battle were not the only martyrs of the 
Revolution. History must record the revolting cruelty 
with which the British treated their American prisoners 
They crowded them into filthy, loathsome prisons, or prison' 
ships, where thousands died from unwholesome food, foul 
air, and cruel treatment in other respects. 

93. New York, which the British had made the centre 
of their- operations for so long a time, was evacuated 
November 25, 1183, the anniversary of which day is still 
celebrated in that city as Evacuation Day. Savannah and 
Charleston had been evacuated the previous year. 

94. During the summer and autumn the American army- 
was quietly disbanded, only a small force being in the 
service when the British departed from New York. On 
the 23d of December Washington appeared in the Hall of 
Congress, at Annapolis, and resigned his commission as 
commander-in-chief. He then hastened to his home at 
Mount Vernon, bearing with him the gratitude and devo- 
tion of his countrymen. 

III. ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 

1. The authority given to Congress by the Articles of 
Confederation was wholly inadequate for carrying on the 
national government. There was an enormous public debt, 
and no way by which Congress could obtain money to pay 
it. That body could neither lay taxes nor regulate com- 

91. What is said of Florida ? 

92. When was the end of the war proclaimed to the army ? What is said of the 

treatment of prisoners taken by the British ? 

93. When was New York evacuated, and what is said of the anniversary of that 

day ? What of Savannah and Charleston ? 

94. What is said of the American army ? Of Washington ? 

1. What is said of the authority given to Congress by the Articles of Confedera- 
tion ? Of the public debt, and of powers withheld by the states f 



1787.] ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 109 

merce, for these and other powers properly belonging to 
the general government had been withheld by the states. 

2. Many of the people were extremely poor, and they 
complained loudly of the hard times. In Massachusetts a 
formidable insurrection occurred in 1186. It is known as 
Shays's Rebellion, from one of its principal leaders, Daniel 
Shays, who had been a captain in the Continental army. 
Large bodies of armed men assembled, and forcibly closed 
the courts of law, so that taxes and other debts might not 
be collected. The governor called out an army of the 
militia, and the insurrection was put down in 1187. This 
outbreak was another proof of the need of a stronger 
national government. 

3. In May, 178?, a convention was held at the State 
House, in Philadelphia, to form a better government for 
the nation. All the states, except Rhode Island, sent 
delegates. This convention was composed of the most il- 
lustrious men in the country. Washington was there, as 
its president ; and Franklin, now more than eighty years old, 
gave it the benefit of his wisdom. After nearly four months 
spent in earnest deliberation and debate, a constitution 
was agreed upon, which was submitted to the people of 
the states, to be accepted or rejected. 

4. Although the new constitution met with much oppo- 
sition, yet before the close of the summer of 1188, it had 
received the assent of all the states but two. The 4th of 
March, 1189,* was appointed as the day on which the new 
government should go into operation. George Washing- 
ton was unanimously elected as the first president. John 
Adams was chosen vice-president. 

* Congress appointed the first Wednesday in January, 1789, for the people to 
choose electors, the first Wednesday in February for those electors to choose a 
president, and the first Wednesday in March for the government to go into 
operation. The last named day fell on the 4th. Hence the 4th of March follow- 
ing the election of a president is the day appointed for his inauguration. 

2. What can you tell of Shays's rebellion ? 

3. When and where was a convention held to form a better national government ? 

What states sent delegates, and what ia-said of these delegates? Result of 
the convention ? 

4. What is said of the assent of the states ? What day was appointed for the con- 

stitution to go into effect ? Who was elected the first president, and who 
vice-president ? 



J. 10 CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. [1787. 

CONDITION, AT THE CLOSE OF THIS PERIOD, OF WHA1 
IS NOW THE UNITED STATES. 

1. The boundaries of the United States at the close of 
this Period have already been given. Massachusetts had 
jurisdiction over Maine ; New York claimed Vermont. The 
territory north of the Ohio had been claimed by different 
states, but they had ceded it to the United States.* By 
an act of Congress it was organized, in 1187, as the North- 
west Territory. This act, or ordinance, is famous as con- 
taining a declaration which secured this vast extent of 
country to freedom, namely : "There shall be neither slavery 
nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise 
than in punishment of crimes. " 

2. South of the Ohio, the present Kentucky was part 
of Virginia, and the present Tennessee part of North 
Carolina. Flourishing settlements had been formed in this 
western region. Georgia claimed territory westward to 
the Mississippi, and southward to Florida. 

3. The population of the United States was nearly four 
millions, about seven hundred thousand being negro slaves. 
Slavery existed in all the colonies at the beginning of the 
Eevolution, but before the close of this Period the New 
England States and Pennsylvania had adopted measures 
for doing away with it, and this example was followed, not 
many years later, by New York and New Jersey. 

4. The wisest and best men of this time, both in the 
north and the south, regarded it as a great evil, and desired 
that it might come to an end in all the states. Unfortunate- 

* Except a reservation, made by Connecticut, of a tract now forming the north- 
eastern part of Ohio. 



1. Give the boundaries of the United States at the close of this Period. (Seep. 107, 

verse 90.) What is said of the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and the claim 
of New York ? What lands had been ceded to the United States ? When 
was the North-west Territory organized ? What famous declaration is con- 
tained in the ordinance organizing the North-west Territory ? 

2. What can you tell of the region south of the Ohio? 

3. What was the population of the United States at the close of this Period ? 

What is said of the New England states, and of Pennsylvania, as regards 
slavery ? Of New York and New Jersey ? 

4. How was slavery regarded at this time? What further is said of slavery! 

What is Mason and Dixon's Line ? (See p. 51, verse 8.) 




euftOC&S Lt'/tt Hotter 



CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Ill 

ly, however, the system became more strongly riveted 
upon the states south of Mason and Dixon's Line and the 
Ohio. We shall see hereafter, in the history of the re- 
public, that negro slavery was long a fruitful source of 
strife in the councils of the nation, and at last the cause 
of a great civil war. 

5. The war of the Revolution had made the inhabitants of 
different parts of the country better acquainted, and diffused 
a common sympathy throughout the whole nation. Every 
state had furnished troops for a common cause, and in nearly 
every one the enemy had been met in bloody conflicts. In 
this way much had been done to wear away local prejudices. 
The spirit of religious intolerance, which formerly marked 
certain parts of the country, had now lost its harshness. 

6. The vices inseparable from armies, and the fierce 
passions aroused by deeds of blood, had in some degree 
injuriously affected the morals of the inhabitants. The 
thrifty and sober habits of earlier days had been broken up. 
There was an enormous load of public and private debt, 
while the vast exertions which had been made, and the 
failure of the national credit, had exhausted the means of 
the people. This state of things tended to impair that 
high sense of integrity which formerly prevailed, and to , 
introduce loose and slippery notions of honesty. 

T. The greater part of the shipping had been destroyed 
by the enemy. Commerce, thus suppressed during the 
war, revived on the return of peace. Manufactures made 
considerable progress during this Period. Attention began 
to be paid to the cultivation of cotton in the Southern 
States about the year in which peace was made, namely, 
1183, and it soon became a staple of that part of the coun- 
try. About the same time agricultural societies were 
first formed in the United States. 

5. What beneficial effect is mentioned as resulting- from the war? What is said 

of religious intolerance ? 

6. How had the war affected the morals of the people ? 

7. What is said of shipping- and commerce ? Of manufactures ? Of cotton ? Ol 

agricultural societies i 



112 CHRONOLOGY. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 

Note. — The figures in the paragraphs and at the end of them refer to the pages 
upon which the events are mentioned. 

1764. Parliament first declared its intention of raising a revenue from 

America, 76. 

1765. The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament, 76. 
The Colonial Congress met in New York, 76. 

1767. A tax was imposed on tea, and several other articles, 77. 

1770. The affray known as the Boston Massacre took place, 78. 

1773. The tea was thrown into Boston harbor, 79. 

1774. The Boston Port Bill was enacted, 79. 

The First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, 79. 

1775. (April 19.) The first blood of the Revolutionary War was shed 

at Lexington, 82. 

Royal authority teminated throughout the colonies, 86; Con- 
gress assumed the authority of a general government, 83; 
Washington was appointed commander-in-chief, 83. 

The battle of Bunker Hill was fought, 84. 

1776. The British were driven from Boston, 86 ; an attack on Charles- 

ton, South Carolina, was gallantly repulsed, 87. 

Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence (July 4), 87. 

The Americans were defeated on Long Island, 88 ; evacuated 
New York, and were defeated at White Plains, 89 ; Wash- 
ington retreated through New Jersey, 89; took a thousand 
prisoners at Trenton, 90. 

1777. The army with Washington routed the enemy at Princeton, 90; 

was defeated at the Brandywine ; left Philadelphia to be oc- 
cupied by the British ; was repulsed by them at Germantown, 
and went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, 92, 93. 

In the north, the British were defeated near Bennington, 94 ; 
and the army under Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga, after 
two severe battles, 95. 

Congress sent out for adoption the Articles of Confederation, 95. 

1778. France entered into treaties of alliance and commerce with the 

United States, 96. 
The Americans were victorious at Monmouth Court- House, 96; 
the British took Savannah, 98. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



113 



1779. The Americans were defeated at Brier Creek, 98 ; the British at 

Stony Poitii, 99 ; and John Paul Jones captured two English 
frigates in one of the most desperate naval combats on 
record, 100. 
General Sullivan led an army into Western New York to 
chastise the Indians, who had joined with the British and 
Tories, 100. 

1780. CJiarleston, South Carolina, surrendered to the British, 101 ; the 

Americans were defeated near Camden, and the British at 
King's Mountain, 101, 102. 
Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the enemy, 102. 

1781. General Greene conducted his celebrated campaign in the 

Carolinas, 104 ; the Americans gaining a victory at the Cow- 
pens, 104 ; being defeated at Guilford Court- House, 104 ; and 
engaging the enemy in a hard-fought but indecisive battle at 
Eutaw Springs, 105. 
Washington, aided by the French army and fleet, captured the 
British army and fleet at Yorktown (October 19) — the last 
important event of the war, 107. 

1783. The treaty of peace was signed at Paris, 107. 

1788. The new Constitution, prepared the year before, received the 
assent of the number of states required in order to go into 
effect, 109. 



THE CONSTITUTION- WAS RATIFIED BY 



Delaware, . 
Pennsylvania, 
New Jersey, 
Georgia, . . 
Connecticut, 
Massachusetts, 
Maryland, . 



Dec. 7, 1787. 
Dec. 12, 1787. 
Dec. 18, 1787. 
Jan. 2, 1788. 
Jan. 9, 1788. 
Feb. 6, 1788. 
April 28, 1788. 



South Carolina, 
New Hampshire, 
Virginia, . . 
New York, . . 



May 23, 1788. 
June 21, 1788. 
June 2G, 1788. 
July 26, 1788. 



[After the government went into operation] 
North Carolina, . Nov. 21, 1789. 
llhode Island, . . May 29, 1790. 



114 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1789. 



PERIOD IV. — NATIONAL GROWTH. 

FROM THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, IN 1789, TO THE 
INAUGURATION OF LINCOLN, IN 1861. 

I. WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1789-1797. 

1. The inauguration of Washington as President of the 
United States took place on the last day of April, 1189, 
in the city of New York, which was then the capital. There 
are three great departments of government, the legislative, 
which makes laws, the executive, which enforces them, 
and the judicial, which interprets them. By our Constitu- 
tion the legislative power is vested in a Congress, the 
executive in the President, and the judicial in certain 
courts. 

2. Three departments 
belonging to the executive 
branch of the government 
were created by Congress, 
one of State, one of the 
Treasury, and one of War. 

^ The heads of these depart- 
| ments were styled Secre- 
^ taries, and they formed, 
^ with the Attorney-General, 
^\ a council, called the Presi- 
dent's Cabinet. Other de- 
partments have since been 
created. 

3. Congress quickly set 
about providing a revenue 

for the support of government. To obtain it, duties were 
laid upon imported goods and the tonnage of vessels. A 
plan for maintaining the public credit was soon formed by 

Questions. — 1. When and where was Washing-ton inaugurated ? Describe the 
three great departments of government. In what does the constitution vest 
these powers ? 

2. What executive departments were created ? What is said of the chief officers 

of these departments ? What of other departments ? 

3. How did Congress provide a revenue? What is said of the public credit? 

What of Hamilton ? 




Washington. 



1790.} WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 115 

Alexander Hamilton, whom the President had appointed 
Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton had been Washing- 
ton's favorite aide-de-camp, and had done his country 
great service in other ways — especially by his powerful 
writings in favor of the Federal Constitution. 

4. Following Hamilton's recommendation, Congress 
adopted measures for paying the foreign and domestic 
debts of the United States, and also assumed the state debts 
contracted in support of the war. There was much discus- 
sion before the whole plan was agreed to ; but Hamilton's 
financial policy proved to be a wise one, and the coun- 
try soon entered upon a season of great prosperity. A 
national bank was established during Washington's first 
term of office. 

5. In 1190 an act was passed fixing the seat of govern- 
ment, for ten years, at Philadelphia, and after that, per- 
manently on the Potomac. The tract of land forming the 
present District of Columbia was afterwards ceded by 
Maryland, as a site for the nation's capital, and there the 
city of Washington was laid out. 

6. An Indian war broke out in 1790, on the north- 
western frontier. Two expeditions, the first under General 
Har'mar, and the second under General St. Clair, met with 
defeat at the hands of the savages. The force led by St. 
Clair was surprised in camp in the western part of Ohio, 
and routed with dreadful slaughter. 

7. General Wayne, the hero of Stony Point, next led 
an army against the hostile tribes. He encountered them 
in August, 1*794, on the Maumee (maw-nnee 1 ), not many miles 
from its mouth, and gained a complete victory. After this 
decisive blow the Indians consented to make peace ; and 
from that time the settlements in the west had a most 
marvellous growth. 

4. What did Congress do in regard to the debts of the United States and the war 

debts of the states ? What is said of a national bank ? 

5. Where was the seat of government fixed ? What is said of the District of 

Columbia ? 

6. Where did an Indian war breakout? What is said of the first two expedi- 

tions against the Indians ? 

7. What can you tell of a victory gained over the Indians? What followed? 

Where does the Maumee River empty ? (See Map, p. 124.) 



116 WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1794 

8. During Washington's first term Vermont and Kentucky 
were admitted into the Union as states, the former in 1*791, 
the latter in the next year.* 

Washington wished to retire from public life at the 
close of his term of four years ; but he finally consented 
to hold the office for another term, and in the autumn of 
1792 was unanimously re-elected. 

9. In the summer of 1*794 an outbreak, known as the 
Whiskey Insurrection, occurred in the western counties 
of Pennsylvania. Armed men prevented the collection of 
the tax which Congress had imposed upon spirits distilled 
in the United States. The revenue officers were harshly 
treated and driven away. The president issued a proc- 
lamation, commanding the insurgents to desist, and after- 
wards sent a large force of the militia against them. This 
ended the insurrection. The insurgents submitted without 
resistance. 

10. The people became much excited on account of the 
relations of the United States with foreign countries . The 
French revolution was in progress, and France, then a re- 
public, was again waging war with Great Britain. A large 
party in America was eager for the nation to become an 
ally of France ; but Washington wisely proclaimed a strict 
neutrality. This policy of our government was not at all 
relished by the French republic. 

11. A bitter feeling of hostility to Great Britain had 
prevailed for some time in the United States. On each 
side there were complaints that the other government had 

* The oldest English settlement in Vermont was made at Brattleboro', where 
a fort was built in 1724. Fifty years later, in 1774, the first settlement was made 
in Kentucky by James Harrod, who built a log cabin where Harrodsburg now 
is. Daniel Boone, the famous pioneer of Kentucky, had already explored this 
region. 

Vermont gets its name from the Green Mountains, its principal range. The 
name is formed of the French words vert, green, and movt, mountain. 

The name Kentucky means, in the Indian tongue, the dark and bloody ground. 
The region was so named by the Indians, on account of the savage warfare of 
which it was the scene. 

8. When were Vermont and Kentucky admitted as states ? What is said of 

Washington's reelection ? 

9. Give an account of the Whiskey Insurrection. 

10. What is said of foreign relations, and the policy of our government towards 

France ? 

11. What were the relations of the United States and Great Britain .' 



1795] WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 117 

violated the treaty which closed the revolution. The 
Americans also complained of the injuries British policy 
was inflicting on their commerce. War was imminent ; 
but this calamity was averted by the prudent course of the 
government. 

12. The president appointed Chief Justice John Jay — 
one of our great statesmen — envoy to England, to ar- 
range the matters in dispute. The treaty which Jay ne- 
gotiated was fiercely denounced by a strong party in the 
United States ; but the government regarded it as better 
than war, and ratified it in 1*795. In the same year, a treaty 
was made with Spain. It defined the boundary of Florida, 
and gave to the United States the free navigation of the 
Mississippi. Tennessee was admitted to the Union in 
1796, making the number of states sixteen.* 

13. On various questions which came before Congress, 
there were long and exciting discussions. One of these 
questions, which came up in the second year of the gov- 
ernment, related to slavery. Thus early occurred the first 
angry debate upon this subject. Through a long series of 
years, from time to time, many more were to follow. 

14. During Washington's administration the people were 
divided into two great political parties, one called the 
Federal, the other the Republican party. The adherents 
of the latter fiercely opposed many of the measures of the 
administration. This was not the party which existed 
under the same name many years later. 

15. A few months before the end of his second term 
Washington sent forth his famous "Farewell Address," 
containing the wisest political precepts. John Adams, the 

* The first permanent settlement within the limits of Tennessee was made in 
1768, on the Watau'ga River, in the north-eastern part of the state. In 1756, the 
English built Fort Loudon, at the confluence of the Little Tennessee and Tellico 
[tel'lt-co) Rivers, about thirty miles south-west of Knoxville. The Indians, four 
years afterwards, massacred the garrison, and broke up the few white settlements 
which had been made. 

Tennessee takes its name from the river so called, the word signifying- the river 
of the big bend. 

12. What can you tell of Jay's treaty with England? Of a treaty with Spain? 

When was Tennessee admitted to the Union ? 

13. What is said of a debate in Congress in regard to slavery? 

14. Name the political parties at this time. What position did the Republicans take? 

15. What is said of Washington's Farewell Address ? Who were elected president 

and vice-president ? 



118 ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. [1798.. 

candidate of the Federalists, was elected to succeed Wash- 
ington. Jefferson, a Republican, was chosen vice-president. 

II. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 1797-1801. 

1 . The difficulty with France, which began in Wash- 
ington's administration, came near ending in a war with 
that country soon after the accession of Adams. France 
was displeased because our - government had refused to 
side with her in the war she had declared against Great 
Britain, and the treaty lately negotiated by Jay with the 
latter power was the cause of bitter complaint. The au- 
thorities of France, disregarding our rights, kept issuing 
decrees which inflicted immense injury upon American 
commerce. A great many American merchant vessels were 
captured by French cruisers and held as prizes. 

2. Envoys sent to France to settle the difficulties were 
treated with insults and neglect, and could accomplish 
nothing. They were given to understand that a bribe was 
required by those who controlled French affairs. When 
this became known in America, the people indignantly 
responded, as had Mr. Pinckney, one of the envoys, "Mil- 
lions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." 

3. Finally, Congress authorized the president to raise 
an army, and put the country in a state of defence. Wash- 
ington was appointed commander-in-chief. In the same 
year, 1*798, a Department of the Navy was created to manage 
naval affairs, which, heretofore, had been intrusted to the 
secretary of war. War was not declared, but hostilities 
began on the ocean. Authority was given to capture 
armed vessels of the French, and a number of such vessels 
were captured. 

4. The resolute stand taken by the United States caused 
the authorities of France to favor negotiations. Accord- 

1. What caused the unfriendly feeling 1 of France towards the United States ? 

What course was adopted by France ? 

2. How were our envoys treated by the French government ? What is said of a 

bribe, and what saying expressed the feelings of the American people ? 
5. What finally was done by Congress ? What department was created the same 

year ? To what extent were hostilities carried on ? 
i. When and with whom was a treaty made .' 



1799.] JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 119 

ingly, President Adams again sent envoys to that country. 
They found Napoleon Bonaparte at the head of affairs, and 
with him they negotiated a treaty in 1800. In the summer 
of the same year the seat of government was transferred 
from Philadelphia to Washington. 

5. An intensely bitter party spirit prevailed during this 
administration. The president's policy met with fierce op- 
position from the Republicans, with Jefferson at their head. 
But no acts were more loudly condemned by this party than 
the Alien and Sedition Laws, passed at the time when war 
with France seemed impending. Under the "alien law," 
the president could expel from the country any alien whom 
he should judge dangerous to the United States. Under the 
"■ sedition law," any person libelling the government, Con- 
gress, or the president, might be fined or imprisoned. 

6. Near the close of the century the nation was plunged 
into grief by the death of Washington, the " Father 
of his Country." He died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th 
of December, It 99. The whole nation mourned the loss 
of this great and good man, who was " first in war, first in 
peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." The 
result of the presidential election, in the following year, 
was favorable to the Republicans, or Democrats, as they 
were sometimes called. Thomas Jefferson, their leader, 
was elected president. 

III. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1801-1809. 

1. Jefferson, the third president of the United States, 
served two terms. The admission of Ohio into the Union, 
the purchase of Louisiana, a war with Tripoli, and the death 
of Hamilton, were memorable events of his first term. 
Ohio became a state in 1802.* It was the first one carved 

* The first English settlement within the bounds of Ohio was made in 1788, 
at Marietta, by emigrants from New England. 

Ohio, the Indian name of the river which washes the southern border of the 
state, signifies the beautiful river. 

4. When did Washington become the capital ? 

5. What is said of party spirit and the Republicans ? What can you tell of the 

alien and sedition laws ? 

6. When and where did Washington die ? What was the result of the presidential 

election in the next year ? 
1. Name four memorable events of Jefferson's first term. When did Ohio be- 
come a state ? 



120 JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1803. 

out of the great North-west Territory. In 1803 the United 
States purchased Louisiana of France for fifteen millions 
of dollars. This vast region, chiefly west of the Mississippi, 
reached northward to the British possessions, and westward 
to the Kocky Mountains. It had but a short time before 
been ceded to France by Spain. 

2. The war with Tripoli (trip'o-ll) began in 1801, and 
lasted four years. The Bar'bary States, in the north of 
Africa, of which Tripoli is one, sent out cruisers in those 
days to seize the merchant vessels of Christian nations, and 
the captives which these pirates took were held as slaves till 
a ransom was paid. Strange as it seems to us now, it was 
the custom of Christian nations to pay tribute to these 
piratical powers. Our government had already given large 
sums of money and rich presents to secure American com- 
merce from their attacks. But now the greedy Bashaw of 
Tripoli wanted more money or presents, and declared war 
against the United States. 

3. The president sent a naval force into the Mediter- 
ranean, and several actions, gallant dh the part of the. Ameri- 
cans, took place. Commodore Preble, Captain Bainbridge, 
and Lieutenant Deca'tur greatly distinguished themselves. 
The city of Tripoli was blockaded and bombarded by the 
fleet. Early in 1805, William Eaton, an adventurous 
American, led a few hundred men, mostly Arabs, from 
Egypt, across a wide desert, and with the help of an 
American squadron captured the Tripolitan city of Der'ne. 
Soon afterwards peace was made. 

4. In July, 1804, Aaron Burr, then vice-president, fas- 
tened a political quarrel upon Alexander Hamilton, and 
killed him in a duel. Burr, after the expiration of his 
term as vice-president, organized an expedition, with the 
design, it was believed, to conquer the Spanish province 
of Mexico, and also to separate the country west of the 

1. What can you tell of the purchase of Louisiana ? Extent of the purchase ? 

2. When did the war with Tripoli begin, and how long did it last ? What, was the 

practice of the Barbary States ? What the custom of Christian nations ? 
Course of our government ? Why did the Bashaw of Tripoli declare war ? 

3. What was done by the navy ? What of Eaton's expedition ? 

4. What is said of the killing of Hamilton ? Of Burr's western expedition ? 



1807.1 JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. ' 121 

Alleghaiiies from the Union. His expedition was broken 
up, and in 1807 he was brought to trial for treason against 
the United States. There was not sufficient proof, how- 
ever, to convict him, and he was set at liberty. 

5. The same year, 1807, witnessed the success of the 
famous inventor, Robert Fulton,* in applying steam for 
propelling vessels through water. The first voyage of 
Fulton's steamboat was from New York to Albany. Twenty 
years before this, John Fitch had made a boat which he 
moved in the Delaware River by steam ; but Fulton's inven- 
tion first made steam navigation a source of profit. 

6. At this time England and France were engaged in a 
furious struggle with each other, and neither power re- 
spected American rights on the ocean. On the one hand 
the British government issued " Orders in Council," f for 
the purpose of restricting or destroying the commerce of 
neutral nations with France and her allies ; and on the 
other hand, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, 
issued his " Decrees " against commercial intercourse with 
the British Islands. The principal sufferer was the United 
States, whose merchant vessels became the prey of both 
the hostile parties. 

7. The British government also claimed the "right of 
search," as it was called. Under this pretended right, 
American vessels were stopped on the high seas, and 
searched for seamen of British birth ; and if any such were 
found, they were taken away for service in the British navy. 
Worse than this, many American vessels were robbed of 
seamen who were natives of the United States. 

8. The bitter feeling in America against Great Britain 
was changed to one of deep indignation by an event which 
occurred in June, 1807. The British frigate Leopard fired 
into the American frigate Chesapeake, while off the coast 

* The u in Fulton is sounded as oo in foot. 

t Orders proclaimed by the advice of the Privy Council, a body of men selected 
by the English king as his advisers in matters of state. 

5. What successful application of steam was made in 1807 ? What of John Fitch ? 

6. What is said of English " Orders in Council," and French " Decrees," and their 

e'ffect upon American commerce ? 

7. What was done by the British under their claim of " the right of search " ? 

8. Give an account of the affair of the Chesapeake and the Leopard. 



122 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1811. 

of Virginia. The American commander, being wholly un- 
prepared for action, struck his colors, after having three 
of his men killed and eighteen wounded. The British then 
took from the Chesapeake four of her crew, claiming them 
as deserters. Three of these were Americans by birth. 
The president, by a proclamation, ordered all British 
armed vessels immediately to leave the waters of the United 
States. Although the English government did not defend 
the outrage upon the Chesapeake, yet reparation was with- 
held for more than four years. 

9. The course of England and France inflicted so much 
injury upon American commerce, that near the end of the 
year 1801 Congress decreed an embargo, to keep at home 
all American vessels, and to prevent foreign vessels from 
taking cargoes from our ports to foreign ports. This policy 
proving to be unwise, the act was repealed in the spring 
of 1809, and in its place a non-intercourse act was passed, 
forbidding all commerce of the United States with Great 
Britain and France. Such was the condition of affairs when 
Jefferson retired from office. James Madison, of Virginia, 
was chosen to succeed him as president. 

IV. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1809-1817. 

1. For some time the Indians on the north-western 
frontier had shown a hostile spirit. Tecum'seh, a famous 
chief of the Shawnees (shaw-neez'), and his brother, "the 
Prophet/ 7 had persuaded many tribes to unite in a league 
against the whites. General William Henry Harrison led 
a small army against the savages, and in November, 1811, 
defeated them near the mouth of the Tippecanoe (tip-pe- 
kan-oo'), in Indiana. The Indians tried their favorite plan 
of creeping up stealthily, and falling upon the whites in the 
early morning ; but Harrison was not to be thus surprised. 
When this battle was fought, Tecumseh was absent, per- 
suading distant tribes to join the league. 

8. What was done by the president and the English government ? 

9. What is said of an embargo? A non-intercourse act ? Who succeeded Jefferson ? 
1. What is said of the Indians on the north-western frontier ? When and by 

whom was the battle of Tippecanoe gained i 



1812.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 123 

2. Louisiana* was admitted into the Union in 1812. 
The state was formed from part of the Louisiana Purchase, f 

3. English cruisers continued to prey upon the com- 
merce of the United States. The war spirit already existing 
between the two nations was increased by the affair of the 
President and the Little Belt. In May, 1811, Commodore 
Rodgers, sailing in the American frigate President, off our 
coast, hailed a British sloop of war, and received a shot in 
reply. The fire was returned, and in a few minutes the 
sloop was disabled. The commodore now hailed again, 
and this time got a civil answer. 

THE SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN, OR THE 

WAR OF 1812. 

1. From the Declaration of War to the Beginning of 

the Year 1814. 

1. Events of 1812. — The wrongs inflicted by England, 
in harassing the commerce of the United States, and the 
impressment of seamen from American vessels, at last be- 
coming too hard to bear, our government decided to make 
war upon the tyrant of the ocean. An act, declaring war 
against Great Britain, was passed June 18, 1812. Steps 
were taken to increase the army,- and General Henry 
Dearborn (deer'burn) was appointed commander-in-chief. 

2. It was determined to invade Canada. About the 
middle of summer, General Hull crossed from Detroit, with 
a small army, and encamped on Canadian soil. While he 
was preparing to attack Fort Maiden (mawl'den), not 
many miles south of his camp, a party of the enemy cap- 

* The French were the earliest settlers in Louisiana. In 1700 they built a fort 
on the Mississippi, about fifty miles from its mouth — the first European establish- 
ment within the present limits of the state. (See p. 55, IT 4.) 

f The strip east of the Mississippi, and north of the Iberville and the lakes, 
was claimed by Spain, as part of Florida. The United States, on the other hand, 
claiming that the Louisiana Purchase extended to what is now the present western 
boundary of Florida, annexed the strip to the State of Louisiana. 

Louisiana was named in honor of the French king, Louis XIV. (See p. 54, IT 3.) 

2. When was Louisiana made a state ? From what was it formed ? 

3. Give an account of the affair of the President and the Little Belt. 

1. What caused the government of the United States to declare war against Great 
Britain? When was war declared, and who was commander-in-chief? 

I. State what you can of Hull's invasion of Canada. What American post was 
captured ? Where is Detroit ? (See Map, p. 124.) Mackinaw ? 




(124) 




U'~) 



126 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. [1812. 

tured the American post at Mack'inaw, an important strong- 
hold for keeping the northern Indians in check. 

3. Without making an attack upon Fort Maiden, Hull 
recrossed the river, and took shelter within the defences 
of Detroit. General Brock followed him, with British 
and Indians. When the enemy advanced to assault the 
works on the 16th of August, Hull would not permit his 
men to fire, but, to their great indignation, ordered a white 
flag to be hung out, in token of submission. He sur- 
rendered his army, and the whole territory of Mich'igan, 
to the British. Such was the issue of Hull's campaign 
near the western end of Lake Erie. 

4. Late in the year another attempt was made upon 
Canada. This time the country bordering on the Niagara 
River, which flows from the eastern end of Lake Erie into 
Lake Ontario, was the scene of operations. General Van 
Rensselaer (ren'se-lur), who was in command of an Ameri- 
can army at Lewiston, sent a detachment across the river, 
October 13, to attack the British at Queenstown. 

5. An obstinate battle ensued on Queenstown Heights, 
in which victory, at first, inclined to the invaders ; but at 
last they were overpowered, and compelled to surrender. 
While the conflict was going on, a large body of the 
American militia remained on this side of the river, refusing 
to cross and aid their countrymen. Lieut. Colonel Winfield 
Scott and Captain John E. Wool, who afterwards became 
famous generals, took a gallant part in this action. 

6. The Americans, mortified by disasters on the land, 
found encouragement in the brilliant exploits of their little 
navy on the ocean. We can here name only the most 
important actions. In August, the frigate Constitution, 
Captain Isaac Hull, won a victory over the British frigate 
Guerriere* The Constitution was a favorite vessel of the 
Americans, and was popularly called Old Ironsides. 

* Pronounced gSr-re-Sre' , the g sounded as mget. 

3. Tell what you can of Hull's retreat to Detroit, and of his surrender. 

4. Where and when was another attempt made upon Canada ? 

5. What can you tell of the battle of Queenstown Heights ? What Is said of 

Scott and Wool ? Where is Queenstown ? (See Map, p. 125.) 

6. What is said of navaJ exploits ? What victory was won in August ? 



1812.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 127 

7. In October, two naval triumphs were gained by the 
Americans. The sloop of war Wasp, Captain Jones, after 
a desperate fight, captured the English brig Frolic. The 
same day both vessels were taken by an English ship of 
seventy-four guns. It would have been useless for the sloop 
to resist a ship of such force. Just a week later, in the same 
month, the frigate United Stales, commanded by Commo- 
dore Decatur, captured the English frigate Macedonian. 
Near the end of December the Constitution, then com- 
manded by Commodore Bainbridge, won another victory, 
in the capture of the British frigate Java. 

8. These and other naval combats caused the Americans 
to exult in the prowess of their seamen, while the British, 
who had boasted that they would quickly drive our " bits 
of striped bunting " from the ocean, were filled with sur- 
prise and mortification. Immense loss was inflicted upon 
their commerce by American privateers, which cruised in 
every direction, capturing English merchantmen. Before 
the end of the year our national ships of war and private 
armed vessels had taken about three hundred prizes. 

9. Most of the Federalists were opposed to the war ; 
but a majority of the people favored its prosecution, as was 
shown by the reelection of Madison, in the autumn of 1812. 

10. Events of 1813. — The Americans planned to invade 
Canada with three armies in 1813. The Army of the West, 
commanded by General William Henry Harrison, was col- 
lected near the western end of Lake Erie ; the Army of the 
Centre, under General Dearborn, was at Sackett's Harbor 
and on the Niagara frontier ; the Army of the North, as- 
sembled on the shores of Lake Champlain, with General 
Wade Hampton as its commander. 

11. In January, General Winchester, who commanded a 
division of the Army of the West, sent forward a detach- 

7. Give an account of two victories gained by the American war-vessels Wasp 

and United States. Of another victory by the Constitution. 

8. Effect of our naval triumphs ? What of American privateers ? 

9. How was the war regarded by the people of the United States ? 

10. What was planned for 1813 ? Where, and under whom, was the Army of the 

West? Army of the Centre? Army of the North? Where is Sackett's 
Harbor ? (See Map, p. 125.) 

11. Give an account of the advance of Winchester's detachment to Frenchtown ? 



128 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. [1813- 

ment, which routed the British and Indians at Frenehtown, 
near the mouth of the Eiver Kaisin (rd'zn), and then moved 
the rest of his force to that place. These troops were chiefly 
Kentuckians. 

12. There, January 22, they were attacked by a large 
body of British and Indians, under Colonel Proctor. After 
a brave defence, they surrendered, on condition of being 
protected from the Indians. Proctor violated his pledge. 
The wounded prisoners were massacred by the savages. 

13. The disaster at Frenehtown compelled Harrison to 
delay his advance. Near the Maumee Rapids he built 
Fort Meigs (megz), where, about the 1st of May, he was 
besieged by Proctor, with white troops and Indians. After 
a few days the arrival of a body of Kentuckians caused the 
siege to be given up, although the enemy captured or 
killed a large part of the relieving force. 

14. Nearly three months later Proctor advanced against 
Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandus'ky. A small garrison, 
under the gallant young Major Croghan (kro'gan), held the 
fort, and signally repulsed a storming party of the British. 
The enemy then made a hasty retreat. 

15. Perry's victory, on Lake Erie, turned the tide of 
affairs in the north-west wholly in our favor. Each of the 
hostile parties had fitted out a few vessels to contend for 
the mastery of this lake. On the 10th of September, the 
American squadron, commanded by Captain Oliver Hazard 
Perry, encountered, in the western part of the lake, the 
British squadron, commanded by Captain Barclay. The 
battle raged for three hours, and then Perry had won a 
glorious victory. All the British vessels were captured. 
" We have met the enemy, and they are ours," Perry 
wrote to Harrison, in a despatch announcing the victory. 

16. Harrison hastened to profit by this success. Em- 
barking his troops on board of Perry's fleet, he crossed to 
Canada, and advanced upon the enemy's post at Maiden, 

12. What is said of the surrender and massacre at Frenehtown ? 

13. What occurred at Fort Meigs ? Where was Fort Meigs ? (See Map, p. 124.) 

14. What can you tell of the attack upon Fort Stephenson ? 

15. Tell what you can of Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 

16. What did Harrison do after Perry's victory ? 



1813.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 129 

only to find that Proctor had fled. Harrison pursued him 
up the Thames (temz), and overtook him, October 5, wait- 
ing to give battle. The mounted backwoodsmen charged 
upon the English, broke their ranks, and made them sur- 
render. The savages made a braver stand, but soon their 
loader, Tecumseh, was slain, and they were put to flight. 
This celebrated warrior had taken part against the Ameri- 
cans in many conflicts, and for years had been the chief 
instigator of Indian hostilities in the west. 

The victories of Perry and Harrison brought the war to 
an end on the north-western frontier. 

IT. Events in which the Army of the Centre took part 
are now to be related. Commodore Chauncey (chahn'se) 
had command of a small American fleet on Lake Ontario. 
Late in April General Dearborn embarked at Sackett's 
Harbor, with sixteen hundred men, and crossed the lake to 
attack York (now Toronto), where a large amount of 
military stores was deposited. The town was captured, 
but not before the enemy had blown up his magazine, kill- 
ing or wounding more than two hundred of the assailants. 
General Pike, the gallant leader of the Americans in the 
attack, was mortally wounded by the explosion. 

18. The troops were soon conveyed by the fleet to the 
Niagara frontier. Here Dearborn collected a considerable 
army, and a month after the capture of York forced the 
British to give up Fort George. The whole country along 
the Canada side of the Niagara River then fell into our 
possession. But our success was followed by reverses, 
and late in the year most of the troops were withdrawn 
from this quarter to operate elsewhere. Then the enemy 
not only recovered the posts on the Canada side of the 
river, but crossed over and captured Fort Niagara, which 
he held till the end of the war. 

19. Almost at the very time that the enemy was forced 
to abandon Fort George, the British fleet crossed the lake 

16. Give an account of the battle of the Thames. What is said of Tecumseh ? 

Result of the victories ? 

17. What can you tell of the capture of York ? 

18. What successes were gained on the Niagara frontier ? What of reverses ? 

9 



130 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. [1813. 

with about a thousand troops, under General Pre-vost', to 
attack Sackett's Harbor, the chief naval station of the 
Americans. They were repulsed by General Brown, at 
the head of a few regular troops and a body of militia. 

20. It was planned by the Americans to move against 
Montreal with the Army of the Centre and the army 
assembled near Lake Ohamplain. Early in November 
General Wilkinson, who had succeeded General Dearborn, 
having collected the Army of the Centre, began the descent 
of the St. Lawrence. 

21. While on the way down the river, the flotilla was fol- 
lowed and annoyed by the enemy. Some American troops 
having landed, an indecisive action, called the battle of 
Chrysler's Field (kris'lerz), was fought. According to 
the plan of the expedition, General Hampton was to push 
forward to the St. Lawrence, with his forces from Lake 
Champlain, and join Wilkinson. Hampton refusing to do 
this, the expedition against Montreal was given up. 

The campaigns of the Armies of the Centre and the 
North were failures, caused chiefly by the want of skill and 
energy in the generals, and by personal jealousies. 

22. Near the end of December there was dreadful work 
on the Niagara frontier. When the Americans deserted 
Fort George, their commander ordered the Canadian village 
of Newark to be burned. The inhabitants were left shel- 
terless in the wintry air. It was an act which deserves 
our severest censure, and most cruelly did the enemy re- 
taliate, laying waste the New York border with fire and 
sword. Buffalo and several other villages were burned. 

23. The British blockaded the Atlantic coast, and kept 
some of our national vessels from getting to sea. One of 
the British admirals, Cockburn (ko'burn), spent some time 
in the spring plundering and burning villages and farm- 

19. Give an account of the enemy's attempt upon Sackett's Harbor. 

20. What plan was made, and what did Wilkinson do early in November ? 

21. What more can you tell of the expedition against Montreal ? 

22. What can you tell of the burning of a Canadian village, and of the retaliation 

of the British ? 

23. What is said of a blockade ? Of the plundering and burning of villages ana 

farm-houses i 



1813.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 131 

houses on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. This was con- 
genial occupation for Admiral Cockburn. 

24. There were conflicts on the ocean. Off the coast 
of Guiana,* early in the year, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Cap- 
tain James Lawrence, compelled the British brig Peacock to 
strike her colors after an action lasting but fifteen minutes. 
The conquered ship was already sinking. On his return to 
the United States, Lawrence was promoted to the command 
of the frigate CJiesapeake — the same ill-starred vessel that 
had struck her flag to the Leopard six years before. 

25. On the 1st of June, Lawrence, with his vessel ill- 
equipped and ill-manned, put to sea from Boston, to engage 
the British frigate Shannon, which, with a well-disciplined 
crew, was lying off the harbor inviting an attack. The 
action was short, but very furious. Fortune favored the 
Shannon. In a few minutes the Chesapeake became ex- 
posed to a raking fire, and her chief officers were killed or 
wounded. Then the enemy boarded her, and hauled down 
the colors. Lawrence, after he was mortally wounded, gave 
his last heroic order: " Don't give up the ship." This was 
the most memorable sea-fight of the year. 

26. A war with the Creeks, an Indian nation in Alabama, 
began in 1813. Tecumseh had been among them exciting 
them to take up arms. Part of the nation, however, re- 
mained friendly. The beginning of hostilities was marked, 
near the end of August, by a horrible massacre at Fort 
Mims, in Southern Alabama. The fort was surprised by 
the savages, and hundreds of men, women, and children 
were butchered in cold blood. Volunteers, chiefly from 
Tennessee and Georgia, with General Andrew Jackson as 
their leader, hastened to avenge this massacre. A number 
of battles took place, in which the savages were beaten, 
and, March 27, 1814, at To-ho-pe'ka, or Horse-shoe Bend, on 
the Tal-la-poo'sa River, Jackson gave them a terrible defeat, 
which brought the war to an end. 

* ge-ah'nah — g as in get. 

24. Give an account of a sea-fight won early in the year by Captain Lawrence. 

25. Give an account of the fight of the Chesapeake and the Shannon. 

26. Who had excited the Creeks to take up arms ? What can you tell of the mas- 

sacre at Fort Mims i Who went against the savages ? Result ? 



132 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. [1814 

£. From, the Beginning of the Year 1814 to the End 

of the War. 

21. Events of 1814. — General Wilkinson having been 
relieved of his command in the spring of this year, and 
Hampton, another incompetent general, having resigned, 
the war on the northern borders was henceforth conducted 
with more credit to the American arms. 

28. In July two memorable battles were fought on the 
Niagara frontier. Early in this month, an American army,, 
under General Brown, crossed the river near Fort Erie, 
which post the enemy surrendered without resistance. The 
Americans then marched down the river, General Winfield 
Scott leading the advance, and, July 5, gained a brilliant 
victory over the British under General Riall (ri'al), who, 
leaving his intrenchments beyond the Chippewa (chip'pe- 
waw), crossed the creek and gave battle. 

29. Kiall retreated down the river, and after some time 
was reenforced by General Drummond, his superior in com- 
mand. The British then advanced, and on the 25th of 
July the hostile armies met at Lundy's Lane, close by the 
great Falls of Niagara. This was the most fiercely con- 
tested battle of the war. General Scott's troops began the 
conflict, which raged from near sunset till near midnight. 

30. The enemy's battery had been placed upon a hill, 
and to secure the victory the Americans had to capture 
these guns. Colonel Miller, being ordered by General 
Brown to carry the height and take the cannon, said, " I'll 
try, sir." His perilous charge was successful. Three 
times the British, advancing to retake their battery, were 
hurled back. After the close of the action our troops held 
the field awhile, and then retired to their camp. Generals 
Brown and Scott were severely wounded in this battle. 

31. The American army fell back to Fort Erie. Gen- 

27. What is said of the war on the northern borders after the spring of 1814 ? 

28. Give an account of operations early in July, including the battle of Chippewa. 

Where was Fort Erie ? (See Map, " Niagara Frontier," p. 125.) Where is 
Chippewa Creek ? 
20. What is said of the battle of Lundy'a Lane ? 

30. What more can you tell of this battle ? 

31. What fort was afterwards occupied by the American army ? 



1814] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 133 

eral Drummond followed, and besieged the fort with a 
superior force of veteran soldiers. In an attempt to take 
the works by storm, he was repulsed with the loss of nine 
hundred men. A few weeks afterwards the besieged made 
a sortie, and inflicted so great a loss upon Drummond that 
he raised the siege. In November, it being too late in the 
season to make offensive movements, the Americans blew 
up Fort Erie, and withdrew from the Canada shore. 

32. The close of the war in Europe, by the overthrow of 
Napoleon, had enabled the British government to send to 
Canada a large army of veteran soldiers, who had served 
under the Duke of Wellington. Early in September, Gen- 
eral Prevost, at the head of fourteen thousand troops, 
mostly veterans, appeared before Plattsburg, the principal 
American post on Lake Cham plain, at this time held by 
General Macomb (ma-koom'), with a force hardly one third 
as large. 

33. The American squadron, under Commodore Mac- 
donough (mak-don' ah) , was anchored off Plattsburg. On 
the 11th of September, the British squadron, under Cap- 
tain Downie, bore down upon the American vessels, and 
the severe battle of Lake Champlain was fought. Al- 
though the enemy excelled in the number of his men and 
cannon, yet Macdonough won a decisive victory. At the 
same time Prevost, attacking Macomb's position on shore, 
was vigorously resisted. He gave up the assault when 
the British fleet surrendered on the lake, and that night 
began a hasty and disorderly retreat towards Canada. 

34. This year the British kept up a stricter blockade of 
the Atlantic coast. Several towns on the seaboard, in the 
eastern part of Maine, were captured, and the whole dis- 
trict, as far west as the Penobscot, was claimed by the 
enemy as a subdued country. In August a British fleet 
entered the Pa-tux'ent from Chesapeake Bay, and landed 
about five thousand men, under the command of General 

31. What can you tell of the siege of Fort Erie ? What was done in November ? 

32. What is said of British soldiers sent to Canada ? What of the hostile land 

forces at Plattsburg ? Where is Plattsburg ? (See Map, p. 125.) 

33. Give an account of the naval battle on Lake Champlain. Of the battle on laud- 
Si. What is said of the blockade in 1814 ? Of operations in Eastern Maine ? 



134 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. [1814 

Ross, who marched upon Washington, then a straggling 
town of fewer than nine thousand inhabitants. The Ameri- 
can forces, mostly raw militia, were posted at Bla'densburg, 
tvhere they were routed by the invaders on the 24th. 

35. The British then marched on, and in the evening of 
the same day reached Washington. They burned the 
Capitol, the president's house, and other public buildings, 
and, on the following night, stole away, returning to their 
ships. Part of their fleet, having sailed up the Potomac, 
compelled the town of Alexan'dria to purchase safety by the 
payment of a heavy ransom. 

36. The British next sailed up the Chesapeake to attack 
Baltimore. On the 12th of September, about nine thou- 
sand troops landed at North Point, some miles below the 
city. Marching towards Baltimore, tbey were opposed, 
and General Ross, their commander, was killed. A spirited 
action followed, and the American detachment was forced 
to retire. The invaders the next day approached the works 
defending the city, but not daring to risk an attack, turned 
back in the early morning of the 14th. The fleet, which 
meanwhile had moved up the Pataps'co, and bombarded 
Fort McHenry with very little effect, also turned back. Thus 
failed the attempt to capture Baltimore. 

37. The United States had very few regular war- ves- 
sels at sea in 1814, and for a while none. The blockade 
and losses by captures had well nigh exhausted our little 
navy ; but American privateers were still scouring the seas 
and taking many rich prizes. The remarkable cruise of 
Captain Porter, in the national frigate Essex, should be 
mentioned. This frigate entered the Pacific early in 1813, 
and besides protecting American ships in that ocean, made 
great havoc among British whalemen. In March, 1814, 

34. What movement was made against Washington ? What occurred at Bladens- 

burg ? In what direction is Bladensburg from Washington? (See Map, 
" Baltimore and Vicinity," p. 125.) 

35. What was done at Washington by the British? What occurred at Alexandria ? 

36. What city did the British next go against, and where did they land ? What 

took place while the British were on the march for Baltimore ? Give an ac- 
count of land and naval operations on the second day after the landing, and 
on the morning of the 14th. 

37. What was the condition of the navy of the United States in 1814 ? What if 

said about the cruise of the Essex in the South Pacific, and her fate ? 



1814.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 135 

the Essex fell a prey to two of the enemy's war-vessels 
off Valparaiso (vahl-pah-ri'so). 

38. Opposition to the war, or to the way it was managed, 
was strongest in New England. The legislatures of Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island appointed dele- 
gates, who, with others from some counties in New Hamp- 
shire and Vermont, met at Hartford, in December, to con- 
eider the condition of the New England States, and also 
certain measures of the national government. The Hart- 
ford Convention was in secret session three weeks, but 
nothing of importance resulted from its deliberations. The 
friends of the administration called it a dangerous and trea- 
sonable body, while, on the other hand, the peace party 
considered it a patriotic council. 

39. The course of our narrative now leads us to the 
most southern part of the country. Late in the summer a 
British squadron arrived at Pensacola, which then be- 
longed to Spain, and, with the consent of the Spanish com- 
mander, made that place the headquarters for sending out 
expeditions. Fort Bowyer (bo'yer), now Fort Morgan, 
defending the approach to Mobile, was attacked by war- 
vessels and a land-party, but the garrison repelled the as- 
sailants. Finally, General Jackson, the commander in the 
south, seized Pensacola and drove away the English. 

40. Close of the war. — In December a powerful fleet, 
with over ten thousand troops, the flower of England's 
army, came to anchor near the entrance to Lake Borgne 
(born). The design was to capture New Orleans. The 
American gunboats on the lake were overpowered after 
a gallant combat. General Jackson was then in New 
Orleans, providing for its defence. As soon as he learned 
that British troops (who crossed the shallow lake in 
small craft) had landed and taken post below the city, he 
made a night-attack upon their camp, and struck them a 
blow which kept them back for a while. He then threw up 

38. What of opposition to the war ? How, and for what purpose, were delegates 

appointed ? What can you tell of the Hartford Convention ? 

39. What can you tell of events which happened at Pensacola and Fort Bowyer ? 

Where is Pensacola ? (See Map, p. 124.) 

40. What force threatened New Orleans ? when and how ? Where is New Orleans ? 

(See Map, p. 136.) What is said of a naval action and a night-attack ? 



136 



SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 



[1815. 




intrenchments 
a few miles be- 
low New Or- 
leans, and be- 
hind them re- 
pelled the ene- 
my who con- 
fronted the de- 
fences on the 

New Orleans and Vicinity. 28th of Decem- 

ber, and furiously cannonaded them on New Year's Day. 

41. On the 8th of January, 1815, the British, under Sir 
Edward Pakenham (pak'n-am), advanced to storm the in- 
trenchments, which were defended by fewer than six thou- 
sand men. So deadly a fire did the American marksmen 
pour into the assailants, that they gave way, and fled in 
horror and dismay. Jackson that day won a great victory, 
killing- and wounding two thousand of the British, with the 
loss of eight of his own men killed and thirteen wounded. 
Pakenham was killed, and the two generals next in com- 
mand wounded, one of them mortally. The British army, 
not long afterwards, stole away in the night-time towards 
their ships. The battle of New Orleans was the last im- 
portant engagement of the war on the land, which had 
lasted a little over two years and a half. 

42. A treaty of peace was signed at Ghent,* in Belgium, 
December 24, 1814, by American and British commission- 
ers. Tidings of this treaty reached the United States little 
more than a month after the battle of New Orleans, and 
were everywhere hailed with joy. The treaty said nothing 
about the two chief causes of the war — aggressions upon 
American commerce and the impressment of seamen. Peace 
between the powers of Europe had removed these abuses. 

43. Several sea-fights took place in the early part of the 

* Pronounced gent — g as in get. 

40. What of two repulses of the enemy before the grand assault ? 

41. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans. How many were killed and 

wounded on each side ? What else is stated concerning this battle ? 

42. When was a treaty of peace made, and what is said about this treaty ? Wa» 

the treaty of peace signed before or after the battle of New Orleans ? 

43. What is said about sea-fights early in 1815 ? 



1815.] MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 137 

year 1815, before it was known that a treaty of peace had 
been made. In one, the frigate Constitution, then com- 
manded by Captain Charles Stewart, engaged two small 
English vessels of war, the Gyane (si-an 1 ) and the Levant 
(le-vant'), and took both of them. 

44. War with Algiers. — From 1795 to 1812 an annual 
tribute had been paid the Dey of Algiers (dl-jeerz 1 ) to secure 
American vessels from seizure by the Algerines. But the 
same year in which war began with Great Britain the Dey 
became hostile. One of his cruisers captured an American 
vessel, and her captain and crew were held as captives, the 
Dey refusing a high ransom offered by our government. 

45. After peace had been made with Great Britain, Com- 
modore Decatur was sent to Algiers with a squadron. On 
the way he captured two Algerine ships of war, and soon 
afterwards appeared in the harbor of Algiers. The fright- 
ened Dey quickly agreed to the terms of peace which the 
American commander dictated. Decatur then proceeded 
to Tunis and Tripoli, and compelled their rulers to pay 
for American vessels which they had permitted the English 
to seize in these ports. No more tribute was paid by our 
government to the North African sea-robbers. 

46. In the year 1816, a new bank, called the Bank of the 
United States, was chartered, to continue twenty years. 
The presidential election occurred this year, and resulted 
in the choice of James Monroe (mun-ro 1 ), of Virginia. 

Indiana was admitted as a state in 1816. The French 
were the discoverers of this region, and the earliest settlers.* 

V. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1817-1825. 

1. Monroe was president during two terms. Party spirit 
subsided to such a degree that when he was chosen for a 

* Vincennes (vin-senz'), the oldest town in Indiana, was the site of a tradings 
post of the French early in the preceding century, perhaps as early as 1705. 
Indiana gets its name from the word Indian. 

44. What is said of a tribute to the Dey of Algiers, and of his hostility ? 

45. Who was sent against Algiers, and with what success ? What did the com- 

modore next do ? 

46. When and for how long was a new Bank of the United States chartered! 

Who was elected president in 1816 ? What of a new state ? 
1. What is said of party spirit during Monroe's two terms i 



138 MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 11820. 

second term he received the almost unanimous vote of the 
electors. The period of Monroe's administration is known 
as the " era of good feeling." 

2. During Monroe's presidency five states were added 
to the Union, namely, Mississippi, in 181 7, Illinois, in 1818, 
Alabama, in 1819, Maine, in 1820, and Missouri, in 1821. 
In all these states, excepting Maine, whose early history 
has already been given, the first settlements were made by 
the French.* 

3. When the admission of Missouri was proposed, a violent 
debate arose on the question, whether it should be a slave or 
or a free state. It was finally arranged, in 1820, by an agree- 
ment, known as the Missouri Compromise, that Missouri 
might come in as a slave state, but that slavery should be 
prohibited in all other territory belonging to the United 
States west of the Mississippi and north of parallel 36° 30'. 

4. Troubles which arose between the settlers in Southern 
Georgia and the Seminole Indians, ended in a war in the 
autumn of 18 H. General Jackson, at the head of a force 
of white troops and friendly Creeks, marched into Florida, 
which then belonged to Spain, and overran the country of 
the hostile savages. Believing that the Spaniards were 
giving the Indians protection, Jackson took the Spanish 
fort at St. Mark's, and seized Pensacola. During this 
invasion he put to death two British subjects, accused of 
inciting the Seminoles to war. The course of Jackson in 
seizing Spanish forts and executing the two British sub- 
jects caused hot debates in Congress and much excitement 
in England and Spain. 

* The first settlement in Mississippi was made in 1699, at Biloxi. (See p. 55, 1T 4.) 
The first in Illinois, at Kaskaskia, as early as Km, perhaps earlier. The oldest 
settlement in Alabama was made on Mobile River, in 1702. The oldest town m 
Missouri is St. Genevieve (jen-e-vSve'), founded in 1755. For Maine, See p. 36. 

Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, and Missouri derive their names, which are of 
Indian origin, from rivers of the same names. Mississippi, according to some, 
means the father of waters, according to others,*fte great and long river ; Alabama, 
here we rest ; Missouri, muddy water ; Illinois is formed from Indian Mini, men, 
and the French suffix ois. 

2. What states were formed during Monroe's presidency, and in what years ? 

3. State what you can about the agreement known as the Missouri Compromise. 

4. /Sow and when did a war arise with the Seminoles ? What can you tell of 

Jackson's operations against the savages ? Against the Spaniards? Where 
is St. Mark's? (See Map, p. 124.) What is said of two British subjects? 
Of Jackson's course ? 



1819.] ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 139 

5. For some time the government had been trying to 
buy Florida. In 1819 a treaty was made, by which Spain 
ceded the province to the United States. The treaty was 
finally ratified in 1821, and that year Florida was delivered 
up to the United States. The price paid was five millions 
of dollars, besides the giving up by the American govern- 
ment of all claim to Texas. 

6. The president, in one of his annual messages, asserted 
a principle, since known as the Monroe doctrine. He de- 
clared, in effect, that the attempt of any European power 
to gain new dominion in America, by either colonization 
or conquest, would be regarded by the United States as 
an unfriendly act. 

7. In the summer of 1824, Lafayette came to the United 
States, as " the Nation's Guest." He remained in this country 
a little more than a year, during which time he visited each of 
the twenty-four states. His tour was a triumphal progress. 
Everywhere the people welcomed him with heartfelt joy. 

John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, son of the 
second president, was elected to succeed Monroe. 

VI. JOHN Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 1825-1829. 

1. John Quincy Adams became president on the 4th of 
March, 1825. His term of four years was a period of 
great national prosperity. Many improvements of the 
highest importance were going on throughout the country. 
The building of the first railways in America was in Adams's 
presidency, but locomotives were not used for travelling 
till 1830. 

2. The 4th of July, 1826, was the fiftieth anniversary of 
the national independence, and is memorable from the 
deaths of the famous patriots John Adams and Thomas 
Jefferson, which occurred on that day. Both had lived to 
be very old men. 

5. State what you can of the purchase of Florida. 

6. State what you can of the Monroe doctrine. 

7. Give an account of Lafayette's visit. Who succeeded Monroe as president ? 

1. When did John Quincy Adams become president, and what is said of his term! 

What of the first railways, and of locomotives used for travelling ? 

2. What is said of the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson? 



140 JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1832. 

3. The question of a protective tariff excited much dis- 
cussion during part of this administration. Such a tariff 
law was enacted in 1828, with the view of protecting home 
manufactures, by imposing heavy duties upon articles of 
the same kind brought to this country from abroad. This 
policy, which was called the American system, has been a 
fruitful cause of contention between political parties. We 
shall see that in the next administration South Carolina 
came near taking up arms against the national government 
on account of the tariff question. 

4. When the time again came around for a presidential 
canvass, the most bitter party spirit burst forth. Presi- 
dent Adams was a candidate for a second term ; but the 
result of the contest was the election of Andrew Jackson, 
of Tennessee, the "Hero of New Orleans.' 7 

VII. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1829-1837. 

1. Jackson, the seventh president, held his office during 
two terms. The same decision and vigor which had marked 
his military operations were shown in liis control of civil 
affairs. One of his first steps was to make numerous 
removals from office of those who had opposed his election, 
and to appoint to office his political friends. This policy, 
though injurious to the public welfare, has been continued 
by succeeding administrations. 

2. The year 1832 is memorable in the history of our country 
for important events, namely, the Black Hawk war, nullifica- 
tion in South Carolina, the president's veto of the bill re- 
chartering the United States Bank. In the spring of this 
year, a war, known as the Black Hawk war, broke out with 
some tribes of the north-west, led by Black Hawk, a chief of 
the Sacs. The scene of hostilities was in Northern Illinois 
and Southern Wisconsin. The war was soon ended, and 
the usual results followed — the Indians ceded large tracts 
of land to the government, and removed farther westward* 

3. What kind of a tariff law was enacted in 1828, and for what purpose ? 

4. How was the campaign of 1828 conducted, and who was elected president ? 

1. What is said of Jackson's control of civil affairs ? Of removals from office ? 

2. What important events of 1832 are mentioned ? State what you can of the Black 

Hawk war. 



1832.] JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 141 

3. The tariff of 1828 caused loud and bitter complaint in 
the south, where there were no great manufacturing' in- 
terests to encourage. Congress modified the law, but failed 
to satisfy its opposers. Late in 1832 South Carolina, by 
a state convention, issued an ordinance of nullification, 
declaring the tariff laws null and void. The ordinance 
also declared that the state would secede from the Union 
if the federal government employed force to execute those 
laws in South Carolina. 

4. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, was the foremost 
advocate of this false doctrine of state rights, namely, 
that a state has the right to set aside a law of the national 
government. He resigned the vice-presidency, and boldly 
upheld the doctrine in the senate-chamber. Among the 
senators of great ability who opposed it, Daniel Webster, 
of Massachusetts, was most conspicuous. 

5. The authorities of South Carolina threatened armed 
resistance ; but President Jackson did not hesitate a 
moment. He was ready to enforce the laws by the army 
and the navy, if things should come to such a pass. 
Finally, Henry Clay, senator from Kentucky, brought for- 
ward a bill for a compromise tariff. It became a law, and 
provided for a gradual reduction of duties. South Carolina 
then returned to her allegiance. 

6. Jackson's financial policy formed a prominent feature 
of his administration. In 1832 he vetoed a bill passed by 
Congress to renew the charter of the United States Bank. 
As the bill failed to become a law, the bank ceased to be a 
national institution when its charter expired, four years 
afterwards. The excitement and discussion which followed 
the veto were greatly increased the next year, in 1833, by 
a new proceeding of the president against the bank. He 
ordered the secretary of the treasury to cease depositing 
the public moneys in that institution. This was done, and 

3. What is said about the tariff of 1828 ? What can you state concerning nullifica- 

tion in South Carolina? 

4. What is said of the course of Calhoun ? Of Webster ? 

5. What of Jackson's course ? What of Clay and a compromise tariff"? 

6. What bill relating- to the United States Bank did the president veto ? What 

change in keeping the public moneys was made by Jackson's direction ? 



142 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1835. 



they were placed in certain state banks. Thomas H. 
Benton, senator from Missouri, was a powerful helper of 
Jackson in his war upon the bank. 

t. At the close of 1835 the Florida war began. This 
contest with the Seminoles and other Indians lasted seven 
years before they were subdued. It was caused by an 
attempt, on the part of the government of the United States, 
to remove the Indians to lands west of the Mississippi. 

A treaty for their removal had 
been made ; but their ablest 
warrior, Os-ce-o'la, and the 
greater part of the Seminoles, 
declared that the treaty was 
not a valid one. 

8. The opening of the war 
was signalized by a dreadful 
massacre. Major Dade and 
more than a hundred men, 
while on a march, were way- 
laid near Wahoo (wah-hoo') 
Swamp and all but three killed. 

9. There had been con- 
siderable fighting with the 
Seminoles, when, in October, 
1837, Osceola entered the 
American camp under the pro- 
tection of a flag of truce. 
General Jes'up, the American 

Map of Part of Florida. commander, detained him as a 

captive. This has been regarded as a base action ; but 
General Jesup pleaded in excuse for it the treachery of the 
savage chieftain. Osceola was sent to Fort Moultrie, at 
Charleston, where, a few months afterwards, he died. 
10. But the capture of this famous warrior did not end 




C.SABLj 



6. What is said of Benton ? 

7. When did the Florida war begin, and how long did it last ? 

the war. What of a treaty ? 

8. What signalized the opening of the war ? 

9. What is said of Osceola — his seizure and fate I 



State the cause of 



1837.] VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION- 143 

the contest. After striking a blow, the savages- would 
scatter to their lurking-places in swamps and thickets 
which well defended them from pursuit. Colonel Zachary 
Taylor marched far into their country, and beat them in a 
hard-fought battle near Lake O-ke-cho'bee, in December, 
1837. The war, however, lingered till 1842, when a peace 
was made. 

11. Arkan'sas entered the Union in 1836, and Mich'igan, 
in 1837, both while Jackson was president. The admission 
of Michigan made the number of states twenty-six, — double 
the original number.* 

12. Party lines were distinctly drawn on the bank and 
the tariff questions. Those who supported the administra- 
tion, and opposed the United States Bank and a protective 
tariff, were called Democrats. Those who opposed the ad- 
ministration, and advocated a bank and protective duties, 
were called Whigs. At the election in the autumn of 1836, 
the democrats made their candidate, Martin Van Buren, of 
New York, president. 

VIII. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1837-1841. 

1. Very soon after Van Buren took the helm of state, a 
commercial crisis occurred. Hundreds of mercantile houses 
became bankrupt, and there was wide-spread distress, af- 
fecting all branches of industry. The banks, which by 
freely lending their notes had encouraged speculation, for a 
while ceased to redeem them in hard money. The United 
States have never since experienced so disastrous a financial 
storm as swept over the country in 1837. 

2. In the same year a rebellion broke out in Canada. 

* The French made the first settlement in Arkansas, at Arkansas Post, in 1685. 
Detroit, the oldest permanent European settlement in Michigan, was founded by 
the French, in 1701. 

Arkansas takes its name from a tribe of Indians now extinct. 

The name Michigan, it is said, is derived from an Indian word meaning tht 
lake country. 

10. What course did the savages adopt ? What is said of a hard-fought battle ? 

11. When did Arkansas and Michigan become states ? What is remarked con- 

cerning the admission of Michigan ? 

12. What is said of Democrats and Whigs ? Who was elected to succeed Jackson I 

1. Give an account of the great commercial crisis of 1837. 

2. What can you tell of the breaking out of a rebellion in Canada ? 



144 HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS. [1842- 

Many adventurers from the United States aided the in- 
surgents, who attempted to overthrow the British govern- 
ment of the colony; and at one time affairs took such a 
turn that there was danger of another war between our 
country and Great Britain. The president issued a proc- 
lamation forbidding American citizens to aid the disaffected 
Canadians. After some fighting, British troops and loyal 
Canadians suppressed the rebellion. 

3. In the latter part of Yan Buren's administration a 
change was made in the mode of keeping the public moneys. 
An act was passed, providing that they should be kept in 
the treasury at Washington, and in sub-treasuries estab- 
lished in some of the chief cities of the republic. At the 
election in 1840, after a most exciting canvass, William 
Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the candidate of the Whigs, was 
chosen president, with John Tyler, of Virginia, as vice- 
president. Harrison was the successful general in the 
battles of Tippecanoe and the Thames. 

IX. HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 

1841-1845. 

1. Harrison died just one month after his inauguration. 
The vice-president, John Tyler, became president. The 
Whigs, being in power, now expected to establish a United 
States Bank ; but bills passed by Congress for this purpose 
were vetoed by President Tyler, greatly to the chagrin of 
the party that had elected him, and to the disgust of his 
cabinet, every member of which resigned, except Webster, 
the secretary of state, who held his position awhile longer. 

2. In 1842, the people of Rhode Island were greatly 
agitated by what is called, from its leader, the Dorr re- 
bellion. The trouble arose from efforts made to establish 
a new and more liberal constitution in place of the old 
charter, granted by Charles II., under which Rhode Island 

2. What danger was there, and what did the president do ? 

3. What change was made in the mode of keeping the public moneys ? What is said of 

the canvass and election in 1840 ? 
1. How long was Harrison president, and who became president after Harrison's death ? 

What bills did Tyler veto, and how was his course regarded by his party and 

cabinet? . 
3. In what state did the Don- rebellion arise, and how i 



1845.] TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. 1^5 

was still governed. For a short time the strife seemed 
likely to bring on a bloody struggle ; but Dorr and those 
of his followers who took up arms to put in force their 
scheme of reform, soon dispersed without fighting. The 
people legally adopted a new constitution in the same year. 

3. In the latter part of Tyler's presidency the question 
of the annexation of Texas came before the people. The 
Texans, having thrown off the authority of Mexico, and 
established a republic of their own, wished to come under 
the government of the United States ; but the proposition 
to admit Texas was strongly opposed, in the free states, by 
those who were unwilling to extend our slave territory. 
On the other hand, her admission was strongly advocated 
in the south as favorable to the interests of slavery. 

4. In the presidential contest of 1844, the Democratic 
candidate, James K. Polk, of Tennessee, who was pledged 
to favor the annexation of Texas, was elected president over 
Henry Clay, the Whig candidate. On the 1st of March, 
1845, — three days before the end of the term, — Tyler signed 
resolutions passed by Congress permitting annexation on 
certain conditions. Texas accepted the conditions, and was 
admitted into the Union in the following December.* 

5. On the day before the inauguration of the new pres- 
ident, Tyler signed a bill admitting Florida and I'owa into 
the Union, f The former became a state on the passage 
of the act, in 1845, the latter not till the next year. 

* The permanent occupancy of Texas may be dated from the year 1715, when the 
Spaniards established posts and missions to prevent the region from falling into 
the hands of the French, who were then colonizing Louisiana. In 1821, Mexico, 
including Texas, declared herself independent of Spain. In the course of time 
Santa Anna became president of Mexico. The Texans revolted, and on the 21st 
of April, 1S36, under the command of General Houston (hews' tun), totally defeated, 
in the battle of San Jacinto, an advance division of a large Mexican army under 
Santa Anna, whom they took prisoner. This decisive battle secured Texan 
independence. 

t The settlement of Iowa was begun in 1833, just after the close of the Black 
Hawk war. Dubuque (du-book', oo as in food) and Burlington are the oldest 
towns. (For Florida, see pp. 12, 13). 

Iowa gets its name from that of a tribe of Indians, the Iowas, whose name 
signifies the drowsy or sleepy ones. 

2. What more can you state concerning this difficulty ? 

3. What important question came up in the latter part of Tyler's presidency ? 

What had the Texans done, and what did they wish ? On what grounds was 
the annexation of Texas opposed and advocated in the United States ? 

4. Who was elected president in 1844 ? When did Tyler sign resolutions per- 

mitting the annexation of Texas ? 

5. When wore Florida and Iowa brought into the Union as states ? 

10 



146 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. . [1845. 

6. The population of the north-west was rapidly in- 
creasing', and every year the settlers were advancing farther 
westward. Towns and cities were now springing up as if 
by magic. It was common for a number of emigrants to 
form a company, and with a long train of wagons make their 
way through the prairies to their new homes. 

X. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 1845-1849. THE WAR 

WITH MEXICO. 

1. Operations of the Army under Taylor. 

1. Polk's administration began on the 4th of March, 
1845, and was most marked by the war with Mexico, which 
resulted from the annexation of Texas. The Texans, most 
of whom were emigrants from the United States, had waged 
a successful war with the Mexicans, and established a re- 
public, whose independence had been recognized by the 
United States and by the principal European powers ; but 
Mexico still claimed the country as part of her domain. 

2. The passage of the resolutions permitting Texas to join 
the Union was considered by the Mexicans as an act of 
hostility. Moreover the western boundary of Texas was 
in dispute. The Texans claimed the country as far as the 
Rio Grande, while, on the other hand, the Mexicans con- 
tended that the revolted province had never spread farther 
westward than the River Nueces (nwd'ses). 

3. While war was imperding, General Taylor, in obe- 
dience to orders from his government, advanced into Texas 
with a body of American troops to repel a threatened inva- 
sion of the Mexicans. In August, 1845, he formed his camp 
at Corpus Christi (kris'te), just within the disputed territory ; 
and in the early part of the next year, having received 
positive orders to advance, he moved to the Rio Grande, 
opposite Matamoras (mat-a-mo'ras). Here, on the east bank 

6. What is said of the north-west region ? 

1. What caused the war with Mexico ? Who were most of the Texans, and what 

had they done ? 

2. How did the Mexicans regard the passage of the resolutions permitting annexa- 

tion ? What dispute was there as to boundary ? 

3. What movement was made while war was impending ? Where did Taylor form 

his camp in August, 1845, and what did he do early the next year ? Where 
is Matamoras ? (See Map, p. 149.) The River Nueces ? The Rio Grande i 



148 WAR WITH MEXICO. [184a 

of the river, he began to build a fort — afterwards called 
Fort Brown. Before arriving at the Rio Grande, he estab- 
lished a depot of supplies at Point Isabel. 

4. The Mexican forces were on the opposite side of the 
river, about Matamoras. On the 25th of April, 1846, a 
small reconnoitring party of American dragoons, led by 
Captain Thornton, was surprised on the east side of the 
Rio Grande, and, after losing sixteen men, killed and 
wounded, was forced to surrender. 

5. A few days later, having learned that the Mexicans 
were crossing the river in great force, Taylor marched his 
main army back to Point Isabel to obtain supplies and 
make his depot there secure. Having done these things, 
he set out to return, with about twenty-three hundred 
men, to the fort opposite Matamoras. On the way he met 
General Arista (ah-rees'tah), May 8, with a Mexican army 
greatly superior in numbers, and beat him in a battle on 
the plain of Palo Alto.* 

6. The next day, May 9, Taylor, advancing, met the 
Mexicans again, strongly posted at Resaea de la Palma,t 
and totally defeated them. They fled beyond the Rio 
Grande. On the 18th of May, Taylor crossed that river, 
and took possession of Matamoras, where he waited a* 
while for reinforcements. 

1. Intelligence of the capture of Captain Thornton's 
party produced intense excitement throughout the United 
States. The whole nation was aroused. Many more men 
than the government needed were eager to volunteer for 
the rescue of Taylor's little army, which was supposed to 
be in great danger. Congress took measures to prosecute 
the war with vigor. 

8. After about three months General Taylor was in a 
condition to carry the war still farther into the enemy's 

* pah'lo ahl'to. t ra-sah'kah da lah-pahl'mah. 

4. Where were the Mexican forces ? Give an account of the surprise and capture 

of a small party of American dragoons. 

5. Give an account of a movement of Taylor's army before the battle of Palo Alto. 

Give an account of the battle of Palo Alto. . 

(\. Give an account of the battle of Resaea de la Palma. What did Taylor next do i 

7. What took place in the United States when the capture of Captain Thornton's 

party became known i 

8. When did Taylor advance still farther into the enemy's country .' 




(149) 



150 WAR WITH MEXICO. [1«46. 

country. He moved his army of about six thousand six 
hundred men against Monterey (mon-te-rd'), a strongly 
fortified city, defended by General Ampudia (ahm-poo'de-ah), 
with ten thousand Mexican troops. On the 24th of Sep- 
tember, after a siege of four days and a series of assaults, 
the city was surrendered to the Americans. 

9. Before this time the American government had 
prepared two expeditions to penetrate Mexico north of 
Taylor's line of operations. One of these was to invade 
and conquer New Mexico and California. The conquest 
of these countries will be related hereal'ter. The other was 
to move against Chihuahua (che-wah'wah). 

10. The expedition against Chihuahua was commanded 
by General Wool. About the time of the fall of Monterey 
he marched from San Anto'nio, in Texas, with near three 
thousand men. The route was long and wearisome, but 
after some weeks he reached Monclo'va, where he received 
orders to give up the expedition. He afterwards marched 
southward, and joined General Taylor. 

11. Some weeks after the taking of Monterey, Taylor 
advanced a division of his army, and occupied Saltillo 
(sahl-teel'yo). About the same time a naval force from the 
American fleet in the Gulf took possession of the city and 
port' of Tampico (tahm-pe'ko). In January, 1841, a large 
part of Taylor's best troops was withdrawn to aid General 
Scott, who had been ordered to invade Mexico, by way of 
Vera Cruz (vd'rah-kroos). 

12. Meanwhile Santa Anna, gen eral-in- chief of the Mex- 
ican forces, had collected twenty thousand troops, and 
with these he marched northward, hoping now to gain a 
victory over Taylor's diminished army. The Americans, 
hardly five thousand men, under Taylor and Wool, awaited 

8. Give an account of the taking- of Monterey. Where is Monterey ? (See Map.) 

9. What is said of two expeditions ? 

10. Who led the expedition which set out for Chihuahua ? Give an account of 

this expedition. Where is San Antonio ? (See Map, p. 149.) Monclova ? 
Thihuahua ? 

11. What can you tell of the taking of Saltillo and Tampico ? Where is Saltillo ? 

(See Map.) Tampico ? How was Taylor's army weakened in January, 1847 ? 
12 Who was Santa Anna, and what did he do ? Where were the Americans 
posted ? 



1846.J POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 151 

the attack in a narrow mountain-pass near the plantation 
of Buena Vista (bwa'nah vees'tah). The battle began with 
skirmishing in the afternoon of the 22d of February, 1847. 
It opened anew early the next morning, and raged with 
great fury till night, when Santa Anna retreated, leaving 
his killed and wounded on the battle-field. This victory 
put an end to the war in the region held by Taylor's forces. 
From this time the chief efforts of Mexico were to resist the 
invasion, which Scott was about to make to the very centre 
of her power. 

2. Conquest of Neiv Mexico and California, 

13. Very soon after the beginning of the war the con- 
quest of New Mexico was planned at Washington. A 
small army, collected for this purpose at Fort Leavenworth, 
set out in June, 1846, under the command of General 
Stephen W. Kearny (kar'ni). After a march of nine hun- 
dred miles, through a wild and uninhabited region, the 
invaders, in August, entered Santa Fe, the capital of New 
Mexico. Kearny took possession of this vast province 
without opposition, and set up a new government. He 
then, with a squadron of cavalry, pushed on for California. 
His design was to cooperate with the Pacific fleet in the 
conquest of that Mexican state. 

14. Part of the Americans who entered Santa Fe" marched 
southward, near the end of the year, against Chihuahua. 
Colonel Doniphan led the expedition. It was a long and 
adventurous march. On the way the little army, number- 
ing about eight hundred men, defeated the enemy in two 
battles, in which American bravery and Mexican cowardice 
were signally displayed. The last victory, gained at the 
pass of the Sacramento, February 28, 1847, gave Doniphan 
possession of the city of Chihuahua. 

12. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista. What is said of this victory and 

of Mexican efforts afterwards ? 

13. Where, when, and under whom was an array collected to march against New 

Mexico ? Where is Fort Leavenworth ? (See Map, p. 149.) Santa Fe ? 
What can you tell of Kearny's march and of operations in New Mexico ? 

14. What expedition went southward from Santa Fe ? What was accomplished 

by this expedition ? 



152 WAR WITH MEXICO. [1846. 

15. A few mouths before the opening of the Mexican 
war, Captain John C. Fremont entered California, with a 
small exploring party. He was seeking a new route to 
Oregon, farther south than the one usually travelled by 
emigrants. After some time, learning that the Mexican 
commandant was about to expel the American settlers in 
California, he espoused their cause, and after some conflicts 
with the Mexicans, called the Americans together at a town 
near San Francisco, where, by his advice, July 5, 1846, they 
declared their independence. Fremont as yet did not 
know that we were at war with Mexico. 

16. Only two days later Commodore Sloat, who had 
been cruising off the Pacific coast, and had lately learned 
that war existed between the United States and Mexico, 
seized Monterey, and proclaimed that the Americans would 
henceforth hold the country. Commodore Stockton short- 
ly afterwards took the command in place of Sloat, and aided 
by Fremont, continued the work of overturning Mexican 
authority. This was fully completed early in January, 
1847. General Kearny, with his small party, arrived a 
little while before the struggle was over, arid took part in 
the last battle. On his march from Santa F6 he had ex- 
perienced great hardships, and had narrowly escaped being 
cut off by the enemy. 

3. Operations of the Army under Scott, 

17. Mexico was now threatened with an invasion more 
dangerous than she had yet experienced. General Scott 
had collected an army of over twelve thousand men, with 
the design of marching upon the capital. He landed his 
army near Vera Cruz, March 9, 1847, and soon had com- 
pletely invested the city. After a furious bombardment, 

15. When and why had Fremont entered California with an exploring party? 

What cause did Fremont espouse, and what was done July 5, 1846 ? 

16. What happened only two days later ? What is said of Commodore Stockton 

and Fremont ? Where is Monterey in California ? (See Map, p. 149.) When 
had Mexican authority in California been completely overturned ? What is 
said of Kearny's arrival, and of his march ? 

17. How many men had Scott collected, and for what purpose ? Where and 

when did he land his army ? Give an account of the capture of Vera Crua 
and the castle. Where is Vera Cruz ? (See Map, p. 149.) In what direction 
is the city of Mexico from Vera Crua ? 



1847.] POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 153 

of four days, from the army and fleet, Vera Cruz, and the 
strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa,* surrendered, March 29. 

18. A few days afterwards Scott began his march to- 
wards the city of Mexico. At the mountain-pass of Cer'ro 
Gor'do, he met Santa Anna, who, since his defeat at Buena 
Vista, had collected another army, with which he was guard- 
ing the pass. The Americans stormed the works on the 
18th of April, and totally routed the Mexicans. 

19. The victors continued their march to Puebla {pwa!- 
blah), which important city was given up by the Mexicans 
without a struggle. Here Scott waited nearly three months 
for reinforcements. Santa Anna, meanwhile, was planning 
new means for the defence of the capital. lie organized 
bands of guerrillas, and with surprising energy raised an- 
other army to resist the invaders. 

20. Scott's reinforcements arrived, and in the early days 
of August he resumed his march. The invading army now 
numbered somewhat over ten thousand men. Thirty thou- 
sand Mexican soldiers, within the fortifications which 
guarded the approaches to the capital, awaited them. 

21. On the 19th of August the Americans, who had 
turned to the left from the direct road in order to avoid 
the strongest fortification, found their advance impeded by 
the fortified camp of Contreras,f about twelve miles south 
of the city of Mexico. The next morning the camp was 
assaulted and carried. This success was followed the same 
day by the brilliant victory of Churubusco. J The Mexicans 
fell back upon the city. 

22. Scott might now have taken the city, but hoping 
that the Mexicans would be willing to negotiate a peace, 
he granted Santa Anna an armistice. After a little while 
it was seen that the terms of peace could not be agreed 
upon, and hostilities were resumed. 

* sahn hioahn' da oo-lo'ah. t kon-tra'rdhs. \ choo-roo-boos'ko. 

18. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo. 

19. What is said of Puebla and the stay there ? Of Santa Anna ? 

20. When did Scott take up the march again? State the strength of the hostil* 

forces. 

21. What occurred on the 19th of August ? What the next day t 
22- Why did Scott grant an armistice, and with what result ? 



154 WAR WITH MEXICO, [1847. 

23. On the 8th of September General Worth led his 
column against the forces of the enemy in a strong stone 
building, called the Molino del Bey.* The battle fought 
on that day was the most bloody of the war, but at last 
the position was won. Five days later the Americans 
stormed the rock and castle of Chapultepec,f the last strong- 
defence of the capital, and routed the whole Mexican army. 
On the following day, September 14, the victorious Ameri- 
cans entered the city of Mexico, and raised the "stars and 
stripes " over the national palace. Mexico was conquered. 
Santa Anna and the miserable remnant of his army had 
fled in the night. 

24. Among the American officers who bravely fought in 
the battles won by Taylor and Scott, were many who, four- 
teen or fifteen years afterwards, became leaders on each 
side in the great civil war which put an end to slavery. 

25. The fall of the capital may be considered as closing 
the war. There was very little fighting afterwards. A 
treaty was concluded, February 2, 1848, and peace was 
proclaimed by President Polk on the 4th of July following. 
By this treaty the United States gained a vast territory, 
stretching north-west of Texas, to the Pacific. They agreed 
to pay Mexico fifteen millions of dollars, and to assume 
her debts to American citizens to the amount of over three 
millions more. 

d. Other Events in this Administration. 

26. For a long time before Polk became president both 
the United States and Great Britain had conflicting claims 
to the region then known as Oregon. In the early pari 
of the administration, it seemed as if war might come from 

* mo-le'no del ra, t chah-pool-ta-pek' '. 

23. What is said of the taking of the Molino del Rey ? Of the storming of the 
last defence of the capital ? When did the victors enter the city of Mexico ? 
What had become of Santa Anna? 

84. What statement is made as to officers who fought under Taylor and Scott in 
the Mexican war ? 

25. What may the fall of the city of Mexico be considered ? When was a treaty 

of peace concluded ? What was obtained on each side ? 

26. What can you tell about conflicting claims to Oregon at the beginning of 

Polk's administration r 



1847.] POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 155 

these rival claims ; but peaceful counsels prevailed. The 
long controversy was settled in 1846, by a treaty establish- 
ing the present boundary of the United States from the 
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific* 

2t. Just before the conclusion of the treaty with 
Mexico, gold was discovered in California. News of this 
discovery caused a wonderful tide of emigration from all 
parts of the civilized world to set towards the land of gold. 

In 1848 Wisconsin f became a state. There were now 
fifteen free states and fifteen slave states in the Union. 

28. As a result of the acquisition of territory from Mexico 
an important and exciting question arose : Shall slave- 
holding be allowed in this vast region, or in any part of it ? 
Violent debates took place in Congress. In the south 
deep feeling was aroused, and in the north the anti-slavery 
sentiment became stronger than ever. 

29. A new party, called the Free Soil party, opposed to 
the extension of slave territory, sprang up. But it was by 
no means so strong as either the Whig or the Democratic 
party. General Taylor's services in Mexico were soon 
rewarded by the highest honors in the gift of the nation. 
At the election in 1848, the Whig candidates were success- 
ful. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, was chosen president, 
and Millard Fillmore, of New York, vice-president. 

* The claim of the United States to Oregon was based on several grounds — on 
American discovery, exploration, and occupation of the region, and on the 
cession made by Spain in the Florida treaty (1821) of whatever rights she had 
through her early navigators who reached those parts. In 1792 Captain Gray, 
of the ship Columbia, from Boston, discovered and entered the great river of the 
north-west, and named it after his vessel. In 1804-5 Lewis and Clark, officers of 
the American army, led an exploring expedition, which traced the Missouri to- 
wards its source, and descended the Columbia to the Pacific. The discovery and 
first exploration of this river gave our government, according to the law of na- 
tions, a right to the country drained by its waters. In 1811 the Pacific Fur Com- 
pany, which had been formed by John Jacob Astor, of New York, set up, at the 
mouth of the Columbia, an establishment known as Astoria. 

t The oldest town in the state is Green Bay, which was permanently settled in 
1745 by the French. But many years before that time they nad explored the coun- 
try, and established missions and trading-posts in Wisconsin. 

Wisconsin takes its name from the Wisconsin River, whose Indian name means 
the gathering of the waters. 

26. How, and when was the controversy settled ? 

27. When was gold discovered in California, and what followed ? When was 

Wisconsin admitted into the Union ? What of slave and free states i 

28. What great question arose ? What of public feeling ? 

29. What new party sprang up ? Who were elected president and vice-president 

in 1848 ? ' 



L56 TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. [1850. 

XL TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 

1849-1853. 

1. Questions relating to slavery were the subject of ex- 
citing debates in Congress during Taylor's short administra- 
tion. It was necessary to provide governments for the 
territories ceded by Mexico. The region thus acquired 
had, under Mexican rule, been free from slavery. But a 
great majority in the south now contended that slave- 
owners should not be forbidden to migrate to these terri- 
tories with their slaves and hold them there. 

2. In the free states there was a large and growing 
party opposed to extending the area of slavery. The 
members of this party believed it to be the duty and right 
of Congress to prohibit slaveholding in all the territories. 

3. Besides this great question, there were others con- 
nected with slavery — one, whether slavery, or at least the 
slave-trade, should be abolished in the District of Columbia. 
For many years petitions praying that this might be 
done had been received by Congress. Another related 
to fugitive slaves, and still another to the boundary of 
Texas. — this slave state having set up a claim to a large 
part of New Mexico. The leading champion of the slave- 
power was John C. Calhoun, whose life was now near its 
close. He died on the last day of March, 1850. 

4. California formed a constitution, and applied to Con- 
gress for admission into the Union as a free state. Her 
admission was opposed by the southern leaders, and for 
several months a hot discussion was carried on within the 
walls of Congress. 

5. At length Henry Clay, himself a slaveholder, but 
opposed to the extension of slavery, brought forward a 
plan of a compromise which he believed would settle the 
difficulties. This plan was in discussion when ~ the nation 

1. What topic agitated Congress during Taylor's presidency ? What is said about 

the territories obtained from Mexico ? For what did the south contend ? 

2. What was the belief of a large party in the north ? 

3. Name three other questions connected with slavery. What is said of John G 

Calhoun ? 

4. What did California do, and what followed in Congress? 
6. What did Henry Clay bring forward in the Senate . ? 



1850.J FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 157 

was called to mourn the death of its chief magistrate. 
President Taylor died July 9, 1850. His administration 
had lasted but little more than sixteen months. The vice- 
president, Millard Fillmore, became president. 

6. The measures devised by Clay, known as the Com- 
promise of 1850, passed Congress in September of that 
year. They provided, 1st. For the admission of California* 
as a free state. 2d. For organizing territorial governments 
in Utah and New Mexico, without any provision for or 
against slavery. These two territories embraced the re- 
mainder of the country acquired from Mexico. 3d. For 
establishing the boundary of Texas, as at present, and pay- 
ing that state ten millions of dollars to relinquish all claim 
to additional territory. 4th. For prohibiting, not slavery, 
but the slave-trade in the District of Columbia. 5th. For 
the enactment of a Fugitive Slave Law, to enable masters 
to recover their slaves escaping to a free state. 

7. The Fugitive Slave Law was designed to carry out 
more effectually a provision of the Constitution. Runaway 
slaves were caught in the north and returned to bondage. 
But it is not too much to say that the enforcement of this 
law violated the moral feelings of the great body of the 
people in the free states, and greatly aided to bring on the 
final conflict. 

8. Two remarkable men, and leading statesmen, died in 
1852 — Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. In the same 
year the presidential election took place, and Franklin 
Pierce, of New Hampshire, the candidate of the Democratic 
party, was chosen. 

* The first white settlement within the limits of the present State of California 
was a Catholic mission, established under Spanish authority, at San Diego 
(de-a'go), in 1769. During the fifty years following, other missions were estab- 
lished all along the coast as far north as San Francisco. 

The name California is first met with in a Spanish romance published in or 
about the year 1510, being given, in that book, to an imaginary island "on the 
right hand of the Indies, very near to the Terrestrial Paradise." It is believed 
that Cortos, twenty-five years later, sailing up the west side of Mexico, applied 
the name to the Peninsula of California. 



5. When did Taylor die, and who became president ? 

6. When did compromise measures pass Congress ? For what did they provide ? 

7. What can you say about the fugitive slave law ? 

8. What leading statesmen died in 1852, and who was elected president in tlw 

same year ? 



158 PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. [1854 

XII. PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1853-1857. 

1. In the early part of Pierce's administration a new 
boundary treaty was made with Mexico, the United States 
purchasing of that republic a considerable strip of land 
south of the Gila (he'lah) River. But by far the most im- 
portant events of this administration were the repeal of 
the Missouri Compromise by Congress, and the struggle in 
Kansas. 

2. The political calm brought about by the compromise 
measures of 1850 did not last long. In the beginning of 
1854, Stephen A. Douglas (dug'las), of Illinois, brought 
forward in the national Senate a bill, known as the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill, organizing two vast territories, to be called 
Kansas and Nebraska, and leaving the people of these 
territories to decide whether they would have slavery or 
not. This region was much more extensive than the present 
states of Kansas and Nebraska. 

3. As the passage of the bill would repeal the Missouri 
Compromise of 1820, and permit slavery to enter a region 
from which it had been excluded by that solemn compact, a 
large part of the people in the free states vehemently op- 
posed the proposition. Most exciting discussions followed 
in Congress, and the people in all parts of the country 
were deeply moved. Notwithstanding all opposition, the 
bill became a law in May, 1854. 

4. The struggle for Kansas now began. Settlers soon 
entered the territory in large numbers. Some of the free- 
state men who came as colonists were sent by societies 
formed in the north with the intent of securing Kansas for 
freedom. Slaveholders and their friends came, intending 
to secure it for slavery. When elections were held, res- 
idents of the neighboring slave state of Missouri swarmed 

1. What is said of a boundary treaty with Mexico ? Name the two most impor- 

tant events of Pierce's administration. 

2. When and by whom was the Kansas-Nebraska bill brought forward in the 

Senate? State the object of this bill. 

3. Why did a large part of the people in the free states vehemently oppose the 

Kansas-Nebraska bill ? When did the bill become a law ? 

4. What can you tell of those who entered Kansas ? What happened when an 

election was held ? 



1856.} BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 159 

over the border to vote, with the design of making Kansas a 
slave state. After voting they returned to their homes. 

5. Hostile encounters took place. Armed bands of 
ruffians, mostly from Missouri, made incursions into the 
territory, murdered free-state men, and laid waste their 
settlements. Towns were sacked, houses burned, and 
farms plundered. Although the free-state settlers were 
greatly in the majority, yet both President Pierce, and his 
successor, President Buchanan (buk-an'an), sided with the 
pro-slavery party in the territory. But by neither fair 
means nor foul could Kansas be made a slave state. During 
some years, however, she was kept waiting for admission 
into the Union. 

6. Public feeling had become so thoroughly aroused in re- 
gard to slavery as to cause the reorganization of parties. 
The Whig 'party broke up. The Democratic party gained 
great strength in the Southern States, while in the free states 
an organization opposed to the extension of slavery became 
powerful under the name of the Republican party. The 
Democrats carried the election of 1856, and made James 
Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, president. 

XIII. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1857-1861. 

1. Buchanan was inaugurated March 4, 1857. Early in 
his administration trouble arose with the Mormons, or 
"Latter-Day Saints/' — a sect of fanatics who uphold and 
practise polygamy as part of their religious belief. Under 
the guidance of Brigham Young they had founded Salt 
Lake City, in Utah, about ten years before, and they now 
threatened to resist the national authority by force of arms. 
The president sent a strong body of troops to that territory ; 
but the difficulty was settled without bloodshed. 

In the autumn of 1857 a commercial crisis greatly dis- 
turbed the business of the country. 

). What can you tell of the civil strife iu Kansas ? What position did Pierce and 

Buchanan take ? 
i. What caused the reorganization of parties ? What is said of the Whig party ! 

The Democratic party ? The Republican party ? Who were successful in the 

election of 1856 ? 
I. What can you tell of the Mormons and their chief city ? What is said about 

their difficulty with the government ? What of a commercial crisis ? 



160 BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1859 

2. The slavery question still agitated the people. The 
anti-slavery feeling of the north was further roused by a 
decision of the majority of the Supreme Court of the United 
States in the case of the negro Dred Scott. This decision, 
which was delivered by Chief Justice Taney (taw'ni) just 
after Buchanan took office, declared the Missouri Com- 
promise unconstitutional ; that the Constitution gave slave- 
owners the right to hold their slaves in the territories, and 
that neither negro slaves nor their descendants, slave or 
free, could become citizens of the United States. 

3. The legislatures of some of the free states passed, or 
revived enactments, called Personal Liberty Laws, which 
obstructed the execution of the fugitive slave law. These 
laws gave great offence to the people of the South. 

4. In October, 1859, — a few months before the beginning 
of the presidential canvass of I860, — an event occurred 
which roused the southern people to a high pitch of excite- 
ment and indignation. This was the raid of John Brown, 
who, with only twenty-one followers, seized the United 
States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, as a part of 
his plan for liberating slaves on a large scale. The strange, 
mad project failed. The insurgents were attacked, and 
most of them were killed. Brown and six of his associates 
were tried, convicted, and hanged. 

5. The resolute old man who thus violated the law of 
the land had been a leader of the free-state men in Kansas, 
where he and his sons had suffered from pro-slavery out- 
rages. Affairs in Kansas were in an unsettled condition 
during nearly the whole time of Buchanan's administra- 
tion. The efforts made in Congress by the friends of the 
slave power to force a slave constitution upon the peo- 
ple of that territory, greatly increased the bitterness of 
sectional feeling. 

2. How was the anti-slavery feeling 1 in the north further roused ? What decision, 

in the cascof Dred Scott, was delivered by Chief Justice Taney f 

3. State what you can concerning- Personal Liberty Laws. 

4. When and where did the raid of John Brown occur ? What was Brown's de- 

sign, and what was his fate ? 

5. What more is said of Brown ? Of affairs in Kansas, and of efforts in Congress 

which increased sectional feelinsr ? 



^81.] BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 161 

6. Such was the state of affairs in 1860, when the pres- 
idential canvass took place. The people became divided 
into four parties. The Republican party was successful, 
and elected Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, president. 

7. As soon as the result of the election was known, the 
political leaders in several of the Southern States set in 
motion a plot already formed for withdrawing their states 
from the Union. South Carolina took the lead, and in 
December passed an ordinance of secession, declaring* 
herself out of the Union. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
Georgia, and Louisiana followed. These five states passed 
similar acts in January, 1861, and on the first of February 
Texas joined them. Seven states had now thrown off* their 
allegiance — all the Gulf States, together with South Carolina 
and Georgia. 

8. Delegates from these states met in convention at 
Montgomery, Alabama, in February, and organized a 
government under the name of the Confederate States of 
America. They elected Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, 
president of their confederacy. 

9. The rebellious states seized forts, arsenals, custom- 
houses, ships, and national property of all kinds within 
their boundaries. There remained in the possession of the 
United States only Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, Fort 
Pickens, near Pensacola, and the forts off the southern 
extremity of Florida. The brave and patriotic commanders 
of the first two, Major Anderson and Lieutenant Slemmer, 
gained honor by their conduct in these trying times. 

10. Major Anderson, with about eighty men in all, oc- 
cupied Fort Moultrie. Believing that he could not defend 
that post, he removed his garrison in the night-time to 
Fort Sumter, a stronger fort, on an island in Charleston 

6. Into how many parties were the people divided in 1860, and who was elected 

president ? 

7. State what was done by some of the southern leaders. By South Carolina. 

What six states followed the lead of South Carolina, and when ? 

8. What was done by delegates from the seven insurgent states, and when ? 

9. What befell the national property in these states? What forts alone remained 

in possession of the United States ? 
10. State what you can concerning the removal of the garrison from Fort Moultrie 
to Fort Sumter. 

11 



162 BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. [186L 

Harbor. This act raised the indignation of the South 
Carolinians beyond all bounds. Early in January, the 
national government sent an unarmed steamer, the Star of 
the West, with troops and supplies for Fort Sumter. When 
within sight of the fort, January 9, the steamer was fired 
upon by a rebel battery, and compelled to turn back. 

11. Port Pickens was saved by Lieutenant Slemmer, 
who removed his small garrison from an insecure fort to 
that stronghold just in time to prevent its capture. He 
was soon besieged by a strong force of insurgent troops, 
but he determined to hold out to the last. 

12. General Twiggs, in Texas, committed an act of 
base treason. He surrendered his command — about 
twenty-five hundred national troops — and all the national 
property in his charge to Texan insurgents. 

13. At Washington but little was done to stem the tide 
of treason. President Buchanan was weak, and wholly 
unfit to conduct the nation in such a crisis. Some mem- 
bers of his cabinet were disloyal, and the public offices 
were full of conspirators. The members of Congress from 
the seceding states resigned their seats, and defiantly 
exulted in their treason. They denounced " coercion " 
by the national government, and would listen to no terms 
for conciliation. 

14. Three new states were added to the Union during the 
presidency of Buchanan — Minnesota, in 1858 ; Oregon, in 
1859 ; and Kansas, in 1861.* 

* St. Pan], the first town founded in Minnesota, was laid out in 1847 ; but nine or 
ten years before this time its site had been occupied by a few cabins. The oldest 
towns in Kansas are Lawrence and Leavenworth, founded in 1854. Only a Jew 
hundred American citizens had removed to Oregon before the year 184.i. (feee 
note, p. 155.) . , .. -J,.. . . 

Minnesota is named from the principal river which empties into the Mississippi 
within the boundaries of the state. The word is formed from two Dakota woios, 
minne, water, and sotah, sky-colored. «««««* 

Kansas is the name of a river and of a tribe of Indians, and is said to signny 
smolcy water. . , . ~„ cnnnrt 

The name Oregon is supposed to be derived from the Spanish word oregano, 
wild marjoram, which grows on the Pacific coast. 

10. What open act of war was committed at Charleston in January, 1861? 

11. How was Fort Pickens saved for the national government ? 

12. What can you tell of Twiggs's treason ? 

13. What is said of President Buchanan, part of his cabinet, and the public offices i 

Of members of Congress from seceding states ? 

14. How many and what territories became states during Buchanan's term ? 



CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 163 

CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES AT THE CLOSE OF 

THIS PERIOD. 

1. During the seventy-two years that had passed since 
the organization of the government, the United States 
enjoyed a degree of prosperity without a parallel in the 
history of nations. The number of states had increased 
from thirteen to thirty-four. 

2. The national domain, which at the beginning of this 
period extended only to the Mississippi, at its close 
reached to the Pacific. Its area had expanded nearly 
fourfold, while its population had increased eightfold. Our 
country in 1860 comprised over three millions of square 
miles, and the number of its inhabitants somewhat ex- 
ceeded thirty-one millions. Nearly four millions of these 
were negro slaves. 

3. West of the Atlantic states vast regions, which in 
H89 were almost wholly a wilderness, now had a great 
population. Every year swarms of emigrants had gone 
out from the old states to the fertile grain-fields of the 
west. Other swarms had come from the countries of the 
Old World. These settlers and their descendants had 
dotted the country with farm-houses, and built up beautiful 
villages and large cities. 

4. In commerce, manufactures, and agriculture the in- 
crease had been in a still greater ratio than that of the 
population. Vast quantities of wheat, cotton, tobacco, and 
other domestic products, were exported every year. The 
various branches of industry had been greatly extended 
by means of many inventions and discoveries, some of the 
most useful and wonderful of which were made by citizens 
of the United States. 

i. What is said of the condition of the country from Washington's administra- 
tion to Lincoln's ? 

I. How had the area of the national domain been expanded ? What was the ares 
of the country, and the number of inhabitants in 1860? Number of slaves ? 

5. What is said of regions west of the Atlantic 6tates ? Of emigrants and their 
descendants ? 

4. What of commerce, manufactures, and agriculture ? Of exports ? Of inven- 
tions and discoveries ? 



164 CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 

5. The steamboat, the railroad, and the electric tele- 
graph, unknown at the beginning of the century, had come 
into common use before the close of this period. In the year 
1860 there were more than thirty-one thousand miles of 
railroad in. the United States, while new roads were fast 
building. An electric telegraph, invented by Professor 
Morse, an American, was first put in operation in our coun . 
try in 1844 — the line extending from Washington to Balti- 
more. Soon a great network of lines was spread over 
the country. 

6. This period witnessed, too, a wonderful advance m 
the intellectual growth of the people. Education was 
especially fostered. Most of the states had established 
the common-school system, in order that every child might 
receive instruction. The means of moral and religious 
culture were also liberally supplied. Literature, the arts, 
and the sciences took long strides forward. 

7. But this unexampled career of national prosperity 
was now to be rudely shocked. What seemed at the time 
of Washington's administration but a speck of trouble 
no bigger than a man's hand, had grown to be a dark and 
threatening cloud which overshadowed the whole country. 
The strength of the government was to be fully tested, 
by a bloody civil war — a war destined to effect great and 
lasting changes in the political condition of the fifteen 
slaveholding states, and indeed of the entire republic. 

8. Asserting the interests of slavery to be in danger, 
and claiming peaceable secession as a state right, the seven 
most southern states declared, before the inauguration of 
Lincoln, their connection with the Union to be at an end. 
Four other slave states afterwards joined the confederacy. 

5. What is said of steamboats, railroads, and the electric telegraph ? What can 

you tell of the invention and first practical use of the electric telegraph . ? 

6. What is stated about education ? Moral and religious culture ? 

7. How was the strength of the government to be fully tested, and with what 

effect i 

8. What position had the seven most southern states taken before the inaugura- 

tion of Lincoln ? How many other states afterwards joined them ? 



CHRONOLOGY. 165 

CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 

Note. — The figures in the paragraphs, and at the end of them, refer to tha 
pages upon which the events are mentioned. 
OCT For the admission of the states in chronological order, see p. 219. 

1789. Washington became president, 114. He served two terms. 
During this administration the government was organized, 114; 
and the United States came near being involved in a wai 
with Great Britain, as an ally of France, 116. 
1790. A war broke out with the Indians north of the Ohio, 115. 
1794. The Whiskey Insurrection broke out in Pennsylvania, 116. 
1797- Adams became president, 118. He served one term. 

During this administration war with France became imminent. 
Hostilities were in fact begun on the ocean, 116. 
1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, 119. 
1801. Jefferson became president, 119. He served two terms. 
1803. Louisiana was purchased of France, 120. 

1805. A peace, which concluded a war with Tripoli, was negotiated, 120. 
1807. Fulton successfully applied steam to navigation, 121. 
1809. Madison became president, 122, He served two terms. 

1811. General Harrison gained a victory at Tippecanoe, 122. 

1812. British aggressions on American commerce, begun in Jefferson's 

administration, led to a war with Great Britain, 123. 
The Americans surrendered Detroit, 126; and were defeated at 
Queenstown, but were, almost without exception, victorious 
on the ocean, 126. 

1813. The Americans were defeated at Frenchiown, 128 ; took York, 

129; gained, under Perry, a decisive victory on Lake Erie, 
128 ; defeated, under Harrison, the British and Indians on 
the Thames, 129; began an unsuccessful expedition against 
Montreal, 130; and before the end of the year were driven 
from their posts on the Niagara, 129. 

The British frigate Shannon captured the American frigate 
Chesappake, 131. 

The Creek war began by a horrible massacre at Fort Mims, 131. 

1814. General Jackson broke the power of the Creeks in the battle 

of Tohopeka, 131. The Americans took Fori Erie, won the 
battles of the Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, 132, and closed 
the war in the north by the decisive victory on Lake Cham' 
plain and at Plattsbnrg, 133. 
The British blockaded the Atlantic coast, 133; captured Wash- 
ington, but were compelled to retire from before Baltimore, 



I 
166 CHRONOLOGY. 

1814. 134. The little navy of the United States had become well 
nigh exhausted, 134. 

1815. Jackson gained a decisive victory at New Orleans, 136. 
News of a treaty of peace, signed at Ghent, in December of the 

previous year, reached the United States, 136. 
The claims of Algiers and other Barbary States to tribute were 
effectually resisted, 137. 

1816. The Bank of the United States was chartered for twenty years, 

137. 
1817. Monroe became president, 137. He served two terms. 

The period of this administration is known as the era of good 
feeling, 138. 

1817. A short war with the Seminole Indians broke out, 138. 

1820. The Missouri Compromise was adopted, 138. 

1821. Florida was delivered up to the United States by Spain, 139. 
1825. John Quincy Adams became president, 139. He served 

one term. 
A protective tariff law, which caused much controversy, was 
enacted, 140. 
1829. Jackson became president, 140. He served two terms. 
1S32. The Black Hawk war broke out, 140. South Carolina opposed 
the tariff laws, and issued an Ordinance of Nullification, 141. 
1835. A war, lasting seven years, arose with the Florida Indians, 142. 
Duringthis administration the president inaugurated a new finan- 
cial policy by his opposition to the United States Bank, 141, 
and the Democratic and Whig parties were organized, 143. 
1837. Van Buren became president, 143. He served one term. 

A financial storm swept over the country, 143, and in 1840 the 
mode of keeping the public moneys in the treasury and in sub- 
treasuries was adopted, 144. 
1841. Harrison became president. He died one month after his 
inauguration, and Vice-President Tyler became president 
for the rest of the term, 144. 
1842. The Dorr Rebellion occurred in Rhode Island, 144. 

1844. Morse's electric telegraph was put in operation between Balti- 

more and Washington, 164. 

1845. Texas was annexed to the United States, 145. 
1845. Polk became president, 146. He served one term. 

1846. The boundary between the United States and British America, 

from the Rocky Mts. to the Pacific, was established, 155. 
War with Mexico broke out, 146. Taylor gained victories at 



CHRONOLOGY. 167 

184ft. Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 148, and captured Mon- 
terey, 150. 
Kearny took possession of New Mexico, and detached a small 
force under Doniphan, who, early the next year, conquered 
Chihuahua, 151. 

1847. Early in the year Mexican authority was completely over- 

turned in California, which had been virtually conquered the 
year before by Captain Fremont, of the army, and Com- 
modores Sloat and Stockton, of the navy, 152. 

Taylor gained a decisive victory at Buena Vista, 151. 

Scott conducted his victorious campaign, taking Vera Cruz, de* 
feating the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo, gaining brilliant vic- 
tories at Contreras and Churubusco, 153, Molino del Rey and 
Chapultepec, and entering in triumph the city of Mexico, 154. 

1848. A treaty made at Guadalupe Hidalgo (gaw-dah-loop' he-dal'go), 

February 2, ended the war, and gave the United States large 
accessions of territory, 154; about the same time gold was dis- 
covered in California, 155. 
During this administration the Free Soil Party was organized, 
155. 
1849. Taylor became president, 156. He died in July, 1850, and 
Vice-President Fillmore became president, 157. 
1850. The Compromise Measures were passed, 157. 
1853. Pierce became president, 158. He served one term. 
1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill was passed, repealing the Missouri 
Compromise of 1820, 158. 

During this administration parties were reorganized, and the 
Republican Party was formed, 159. 
1857. Buchanan became president, 159. He served one term. 
1857. A financial storm swept over the United States, 159. 

1859. John Brown made a mad attempt to free slaves in Virginia, 160. 
During this administration the Dred Scott Decision, the Per- 
sonal Liberty Laws, the Struggle for Kansas, and other causes, 
roused an intense excitement on the subject of slavery, 160. 
Secession was organized, and treason crept into places of 
influence, 161, 162. 

1860. South Carolina took the lead in secession, 161. 

1861. Before March six states had followed the lead of South Carolina, 

and sent delegates to Montgomery, where a government was 
organized for the insurgent states under the name of the Con- 
federate States of America, 161. 




(168) 



1861.] 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



169 



PERIOD V. 
DISTINGUISHED FOR THE GREAT REBELLION. 

FROM THE INAUGURATION OF LINCOLN, IN 1861, TILL THE YEAR 

1879. 



I. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. THE WAR. 

1. From the 'Beginning of Lincoln's Administration to 
the Close of the Year. Growth of the Rebellion. 

1. Events of 1861. — When, on the 4th of March, 1861, 
Abraham Lincoln became president, he found himself beset 
with many and great dif- 
ficulties. Neither the army 
nor the navy was then avail- 
able to aid the republic in 
its extreme peril. The na- 
tional troops, only a few 
thousand in all, were scat- 
tered far and wide, chiefly 
on the remote frontiers, 
while most of the war- 
vessels were dispersed in 
distant seas. 

2. The president hoped 
that war might be averted. 
In his inaugural address he Lincoln. 
declared that he had no right to interfere with slavery in 
the states where it existed, but that he should take care 
faithfully to execute the laws in all the states. 

3. The pause before the shock was not long. General 
Beauregard (bo're-gard) had command of several thousand 
insurgent troops at Charleston, South Carolina. Learn- 
ing that President Lincoln was about to send supplies to 
Fort Sumter, this general, in obedience to orders from the 
Confederate government, demanded the surrender of the 

Questions. — 1. What is said of the difficulties which beset President Lincoln ? 
Where were the national troops and war-vessels I 

2. What did the president declare in his inaugural address ? 

3. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Sumter by Beauregard. 




170 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1861. 

fort. His demand being refused, he opened fire upon it 
from forts in the harbor and from powerful batteries which 
the rebels had erected for this purpose. 

4. Major Anderson made a spirited defence, but after 
withstanding a furious bombardment for more than thirty 
hours, his provisions being nearly exhausted, the officers' 
quarters and the barracks being on fire, he capitulated, 
April 13. Strange to say, no one on either side had been 
killed or seriously hurt. The next day, April 14, he 
evacuated the fort. Its defenders embarked for New York. 

5. News of the fall of Fort Sumter caused the wildest 
excitement throughout the free states, and was immediate- 
ly followed by a great uprising of the people. They 
declared almost with one voice that the Union should be 
preserved. On the day following the evacuation of Fort 
Sumter, President Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand 
troops to serve for three months. 

6. The national capital was in danger, and volunteers 
hastened to its defence. A few companies from Penn- 
sylvania were the first to reach Washington. On the 
next day, April 19, a Massachusetts regiment on its way 
through Baltimore was attacked by a mob of secessionists, 
who killed three soldiers and wounded others. The 
soldiers fired into the mob, killing and wounding a num- 
ber of persons. 

7. The governors of all the slave-labor states which 
had not decreed secession — excepting Delaware and Mary- 
land — declared, in answer to the president's call, that 
they would furnish no troops to aid the national govern- 
ment. Four of these states, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennes- 
see, and North Carolina, soon joined the Confederacy. Four 
border slave states, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and 

4. Under what circumstances, and when, did Major Anderson capitulate ? 

5. What effect did news of the fall of Fort Sumter produce in the free states ? 

What did the president now do ? 

6. What troops first reached Washington for its defence ? Give an account of the 

attack made by a mob in Baltimore on a Massachusetts regiment. 

7. What was the reply of most of the governors of those slave states called 

upon for troops to aid the Union cause ? What slave states afterwards 
joined the Confederacy .' What four border slave states were on the side 
of the Union i 



1861.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 17 1 

Missouri, did not join it ; but some of these states came very 
near being dragged into disunion by their political leaders. 

8. Within a few days after the firing on Fort Sumter, 
disloyal Virginians seized Harper's Ferry and the United 
States navy yard near Norfolk. The national arsenal at 
the Ferry was burned to prevent its falling into disloyal 
hands, but at the navy yard the rebels secured a great 
number of cannons, and other public property of immense 
value. Fortress Monroe was held by its little garrison 
for the Federal government. 

9. The attack upon Fort Sumter also roused to a high 
pitch of enthusiasm the warlike spirit prevailing in the in- 
surgent south. Troops from the southern states were 
hurried into Virginia, and mostly concentrated near Ma- 
nas'sas Junction, a point where the railway running 
from Washington southward is joined by the one leading 
from the great valley of the Shen-an-do'ah. A smaller rebel 
army occupied this valley, and finally took post at Win- 
chester. Richmond, was made the rebel capital, and there 
the Confederate Congress assembled in July. 

10. Before that time, however, the veteran Winfield 
Scott, who was the general-in-chief of the Union forces, had 
ordered an advance into Virginia. National troops cross- 
ing from Washington on the night of May 23, took pos- 
session of Arlington Heights, opposite the city, and of 
Alexandria, a few miles below. About the same time 
General Benjamin F. Butler, who had displayed great 
energy in the Union cause, was placed in command at 
Fortress Monroe, where a national army was assembling. 
A badly managed expedition, sent out by Butler in June, 
suffered a mortifying repulse in an attack upon the enemy's 
works at Big Bethel 

8. What property of the government was seized by Virginians ? What great 

fortress remained in possession of the jjovernment? Where is Harper's 
Ferry ? (See Map, p. 172.) Norfolk? Fortress Monroe? 

9. What effect did the attack upon Fort Sumter produce in the south ? Where 

in Virginia were southern troops concentrated ? What city became the 
rebel capital ? Where is Manassas Junction ? (See Map, p. 172.) Win- 
chester ? Richmond ? 
10. What can you tell of the advance of national troops into Virginia? What 
of Fortress Monroe i Of the affair at Big Bethel ? 













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1861.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 173 

1 1 . About the middle of July the national army opposite 
Washington marched against the Confederates who were 
encamped under Beauregard near Manassas Junction. 
Before an engagement took place General Joseph E. 
Johnston was able to join Beauregard with a great part of 
the Confederate army of the Shenandoah Valley. General 
Scott being too infirm to take the field in person, General 
Irvin McDowell led the Union troops. 

12. The Confederates were found beyond a small stream 
called Bull Run, and there the first great battle of the war 
was fought, Sunday, July 21. It was a struggle in which 
full forty thousand men were engaged. After hours of 
hard fighting victory seemed almost within the grasp of 
the Federals ; but just then a strong body of Confederate 
troops from the Shenandoah Valley reached the field, and 
turned the tide of battle. The Federal troops gave way ; 
part of them fled panic-stricken, and the rest marched back 
to the . fortifications of Washington. The Union loss in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners was probably over three 
thousand men ; the Confederate loss was considerably 
less. 

13. The disaster at Bull Run was wholly unexpected by 
the people of the loyal states. They now saw more clear- 
ly the nature of the great conflict, and a sterner determina- 
tion nerved them to crush out the rebellion. The president 
in May had called for additional troops ; he now called for 
half a million volunteers. 

14. General George B. McClellan, who had just con- 
ducted a successful campaign in West Virginia, was sum- 
moned to Washington to take command of the troops on 
the Potomac. This army soon became immensely strong, 
but made no general advance until the next year. Some 
months were spent in organizing and disciplining the grand 

11. State what movement of national troops took place in July. What is said of 

General Johnston ? Who led the Union army ? 

12. When was the battle of Bull Run fought, and how many men struggled on 

the Held ? What more can you tell of the battle ? 

13. How were the loyal people affected by this defeat ? What did the president 

now do ? 

14. Who was placed in command of the army on the Potomac ? What lb said of 

this army ? 



1H THE GREAT REBELLION. [1861. 

army. On the 1st of November McClellan succeeded the 
aged chieftain Scott as general-in-chief of the armies of 
the United States. 

15. In the autumn a severe action took place at Ball's 
Bluff, on the Potomac, above Washington. Nearly two 
thousand Union troops sent across the river from the 
Maryland side by General Stone, the commander in that 
vicinity, were defeated in a battle October 21, with heavy 
loss. Colonel Baker, a national senator from Oregon, and 
the leader of the expedition, was among the killed. 

16. The people of West Virginia were strongly loyal. 
They repudiated the Virginia ordinance of secession, set 
up a loyal government, and took steps to form a new 
state from that part of the old one. Congress approved 
of their proceedings, and admitted West Virginia into the 
Union as a separate state in 1863. 

17. The rebels endeavored to hold West Virginia, and 
early stained its soil with the blood of civil war. Some 
time before the battle of Bull Run General McClellan had 
been appointed to command in that region. About the 
beginning of July he began a vigorous campaign. A de- 
tachment of his army commanded by Colonel (afterwards 
General) Rosecrans (roz'krants) routed a rebel force July 
11, in the battle of Rich Mountain, near Bev'erly. The 
main body of the enemy, posted a few miles distant, then 
endeavored to escape the Union forces approaching from 
various directions. McClellan ordered a hot pursuit, and 
at Carrick's Ford, the fugitives, being overtaken, were 
thoroughly routed in a sharp conflict. 

18. Later in the year Confederate troops took positions 
in and near the Kanawha (Jca-naw'wah) Valley ; but they 
could gain no firm foothold in that region. Before the end 

14. What position was given General McClellan ? 

15. Give an account of the battle of Ball's Bluff. 

16. What did the people of West Virginia do ? When did Congress admit West 

Virginia as a state ? 

17. When and by whom was a vigorous campaign begun in West Virginia i 

What is said of the battle of Rich Mountain and the pursuit of the 
Confederates? Where is Kich Mountain? (See Map, p. 185.) Carrick's 
Ford ? 

18. What further is said of affairs in West Virginia ? 



1861.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 175 

of 1861 Rosecrans, who succeeded McCIellan, had nearly 
cleared West Virginia of armed rebels. 

19. Looking farther westward, we shall notice important 
events in Missouri and Kentucky. In Missouri there was a 
fierce struggle. The loyal citizens were a majority, but the 
governor, 0. F. Jackson, was a persistent rebel, and did all 
he could to turn the state over to the Southern Confederacy. 

20. Captain Nathaniel Lyon, an able and loyal officer, 
had command of the United States arsenal at St. Louis. 
Aided by patriotic citizens, he foiled the treasonable designs 
of the governor. A camp of disloyalists was formed in 
the suburbs of St. Louis to aid the governor in getting 
military control of the state. Lyon suddenly surrounded 
the camp, May 10, with a large force of armed Unionists, 
and took the troops collected there prisoners. 

21. The governor soon after called for fifty thousand of 
the militia to drive the national troops from the state. 
Lyon was quickly upon him, and near Booneville put 
him and a body of his followers to flight. They were 
pursued into the south-western part of the state, where, 
after some encounters, a very severe battle was fought 
on Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, August 10. In this 
battle Lyon had only about five thousand men, while the 
Confederates, under Generals McCulloch (inak-kul'luli) and 
Price, numbered three or four times as many — a large 
part being from the south. The heroic General Lyon was 
killed, and the Union troops, after a hard-fought conflict, 
fell back, leaving Southern Missouri under the sway of the 
Confederates. 

22. Another disaster followed in September. Colonel 
Mulligan, with nearly twenty-eight hundred Union troops, 
was besieged in an intrenched camp, at Lexington, by an 
overwhelming Confederate army under General Price. The 

19. What can you say of the people and the governor of Missouri ? 

20. Who foiled the treasonable desig-ns of the governor of Missouri? What is 

said of the capture of a disloyal camp ? 

21. What step did the governor take soon after, and what followed ? When was 

the battle of Wilson's Creek fought, and what is said of the hostile forces? 
Result ? Where is Booneville ? (See Map, p. 184.) Wilson's Creek ? 

22. What Federal disaster followed the battle of Wilson's Creek ? Where is 

Lexington ? (See Map, p. 184.) 



176 THE GREAT REBELLION. [186L 

besieged held out bravely during some days, but were at 
last obliged to surrender. 

23. General John C. Fremont at this time and before 
the battle of Wilson's Creek held the chief command of the 
Western Department. He made his headquarters at St. 
Louis, and organized a large army, with which he took the 
field in person soon after the fall of Lexington. But 
before he reached his foe, who had retreated to the south- 
western corner of the state, he received orders to turn 
over his command to General Hunter. A few days later 
General Henry W. Hal'leck arrived at St. Louis and took 
the chief command. 

24. Cairo (kd'ro), at the extreme southern point of 
Illinois, where the Mississippi and the Ohio meet, was at 
an early day occupied by a Union force. Its situation 
made it a post of great importance. Early in November, 
General Ulysses S. Grant, with about three thousand men, 
went down the river from this place and attacked a fortified 
camp of the rebels at Belmont, on the Missouri shore. 
At first he had the better of the enemy, but the Con- 
federates, being strongly reenforced, compelled the Union 
troops to take to their boats and return to Cairo. 

25. Kentucky was always loyal by a great majority of 
her inhabitants, but the secessionists within her borders 
had influence enough to hold her neutral for a time. As 
was the case with all the border slave states, she had 
citizens enlisted both in the national and the Confederate 
armies. Early in September, more than a month before 
the battle of Belmont, the Confederates, under General Polk, 
invaded the state. They seized and fortified Columbus. 
General Grant, with national troops from the camp at 
Cairo, immediately entered the state and took possession 
of Paducah (pa-doo'kah), at the mouth of the Tennessee 

23. Who was in command of the Western Department, and what did he do soon 

after the fall of Lexington? What is said of Hunter and Halleck ? 

24. What is said of Cairo ? Give an account of the fight at Belmont. Where is 

Belmont ? (See Map, p. 184.) 

25. What position did Kentucky at first take ? What invasion of the state oc- 

curred, and what did Grant then do ? Effect of the invasion ? Where is 
Columbus ? (See Map, p. 184.) Paducah ? 



1881.J LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 177 

River. After the invasion of her soil by southern forces, 
Kentucky took a decided stand for the Union. 

26. About the same time Confederate troops, coming 
through Cumberland Gap, invaded Kentucky on the east. 
Another large Confederate force was speedily concentrated 
at Bowling Green (bol'ing-green), near the centre of the 
southern part of the state. The Confederates, by oc- 
cupying various strong positions, had military control of 
all Southern Kentucky. But great Union armies were 
preparing to drive them southward. Such was the state 
of affairs in this region in the latter part of 1861. 

27. In the first year of the war two naval and military 
expeditions, sent out by the government, gained foot- 
holds on the southern coast. Commodore Stringham 
(string' am) and General Butler commanded the first one, 
which near the end of August captured the Confederate 
forts at Hatteras Inlet, off the coast of North Carolina. 
The second was a far stronger expedition. Conim adore 
Du Pont, commanding a fleet of fifty war-vessels and 
transports, captured, on the 7th of November, the forts at 
Port Royal Entrance, South Carolina. An army under 
General Thomas W. Sherman accompanied the fleet, and 
occupied the forts. The coast islands of lower South 
Carolina, famous for producing the finest of all cotton, 
were also taken possession of by the national government. 

28. The national navy was rapidly increased by the 
purchase and construction of numerous vessels. A block- 
ade of the southern ports was established, yet vessels 
freighted with valuable cargoes frequently succeeded in 
entering them. After some time the blockade was made 
much more strict and effective. 

29. Two days after President Lincoln's first call for 
troops, Jefferson Davis sent forth a proclamation offering to 
commission privateers. A few of these vessels got to sea, 

26. What is said of other Confederate forces in Kentucky? State of affairs in 

Kentucky late in 1861 ? 

27. How were Union footholds gained on the southern coast ? Who led the first 

expedition, and what was g-ained by it ? The secoud expedition ? 

28. What is said of the national navy and of the blockade? 

29. What is said of rebel privateers ? 

12 



178 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1862 

and inflicted great injury upon the commerce of the United 
States. The most noted Confederate cruiser of this year 
was the steamer Sumter, Captain Semmes (semz). After a 
successful career in capturing merchant vessels, the Sumter 
ran into the Bay of Gibraltar, where she was closely watched 
by a United States gunboat. After some time she was 
sold in port, and her officers went to England, where a 
better steamer, the Alabama, was built for their service. 

30. The British government, with unseemly haste, ac- 
knowledged the rebellious states as a belligerent power, 
and thus accorded them the same rights in war as if they 
were really an established government. A little later the 
Emperor of the French did the same. Most of the English 
people showed an unfriendly temper towards the United 
States. They evidently hoped to see the great republic 
broken up. 

31. In the latter part of this year an occurrence, known 
as the Trent affair, gave the Confederates hopes of aid 
from England. Captain Wilkes (wilks), in the United 
States steamer San Ja-cin'to, stopped the British mail 
steamer Trent, took from her Mason and Sli-dell', Con- 
federate envoys to England and France, and brought them 
to the United States as prisoners. The British govern- 
ment at once assumed a warlike attitude, and demanded 
the envoys. The American policy concerning neutral 
rights did not warrant the seizure, and Mason and Slidell 
were handed over to the British. Thus war with the 
nation which could harm us most was averted. 

2. From the Beginning of the Tear 1862 to the Close of 
the Year 1863. The Rebellion in its Strength, 

32. Events of 1862. — We are now to relate how the 
Confederates were forced to abandon Kentucky and most 
of Tennessee. But first we should understand the situation 

29. Give an account of the career of the Sumter. 

30. What course did England and France hasten to adopt ? What is said of the 

stand taken by most of the English ? 
81. What occurrence gave the Confederates hope of aid from England ? State 
what was done by Captain Wilkes. What more is said of the Trent affair i 



1882.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 179 

of the opposing forces in this part of the country. At the 
beginning of 1862, the Confederates held a long line of 
defences, being strongly posted at Columbus, Forts Henry 
and Don'elson, Bowling Green, Mill Spring, and Cumberland 
Gap. Two Union armies confronted this line. One was 
commanded by General Grant, at Cairo, the other by General 
Don Carlos Buell, who had placed his troops chiefly in the 
central portion of Kentucky. 

33. General George H. Thomas, who commanded a divis- 
ion of Buell's grand army, won a victory near Mill Spring, 
January 19, and this was the first of a series of brilliant 
successes. Next followed the capture of Port Henry, on 
the Tennessee, and of Fort Donelson, a much stronger 
post, on the Cumberland. These forts were in the State of 
Tennessee, not far from its northern line, where the rivers 
approach within twelve miles of each other. 

34. Both a land force under General Grant, and a small 
fleet under Commodore Foote, went against these strong- 
holds, but the fleet alone reduced Fort Henry, February 6, 
before the army arrived. Grant next marched to the rear 
of Fort Donelson, while the fleet moved up the Cumber- 
land to join in the attack. The enemy repelled the gun- 
boats, but after stoutly resisting the land force for three days, 
was forced to surrender, on the 16th of February, to General 
Grant. About ten thousand prisoners were taken. 

While the siege of Fort Donelson was going on, the 
Confederates evacuated Bowling Green, and shortly after- 
wards Columbus. Kentuck} r was thus freed. 

35. The capture of Fort Donelson led in a few days to 
the occupation of Nashville by General Buell. Grant's 
victorious army, increased to about forty thousand men, 
proceeded up the Tennessee River, and encamped near 

32. At the beginning of 1862 what posts forming a line of defences were held by 

the Confederates ? Where was each of these posts ? (See Maps, pp. 184, 
185.) What is said of the Union forces confronting these posts . ? 

33. Give an account of General Thomas's victory. What forts were next taken ? 

34. How and when was Fort Henry taken ? Give an account of the capture of 

Fort Donelson. What is said of Bowling Green and Columbus? 

35. What is said of the fall of Nashville? Where did Grant's victorious army 

afterwards encamp ? 



180 THE GREAT REBELLION. 11882. 

Pittsburg Lauding. There the famous battle of Shi'loh* 
was fought April 6 and 7. 

36. The Confederates, over forty thousand strong, under 
Generals Albert S. Johnston and Beauregard, suddenly 
attacked the national troops early in the morning of the 
6th, and after most desperate fighting, drove them from 
their camps back to the river. There the Union gunboats 
helped check the enemy. Thus matters stood at night. 
At this time General Buell, with his army, was on his way 
to join Grant. He arrived that night with a large force, 
and in the morning the battle was resumed. After a ter- 
rible struggle the Confederates gave way, and retreated to 
Corinth, whence they had come. On each side nearly ten 
thousand men were killed and wounded. The Union loss 
was also large in prisoners. Among the slain was the 
Confederate commander-in-chief. General Johnston, 

37. After the battle of Shiloh, General Halleck took 
command in person of the armies at Pittsburg Landing, 
and, having been reenforced, he very cautiously and slowly 
advanced, with over one hundred thousand men, against 
the enemy intrenched at Corinth, about sixteen miles south- 
west of the Landing. Beauregard, being greatly out- 
numbered, evacuated Corinth on the night of May 29, and 
on the following day the Union army took possession. 
The Confederates had escaped. 

38. A few days afterwards Halleck detached an army, 
under Buell, to go eastward against Chattanoo'ga, a place of 
great importance as a base of operations. General Bragg, 
who succeeded Beauregard, put his army in motion for the 
same place, and reached it first. Presently he began to 

* Three miles south-west of Pittsburg Landing- was a meeting-house, called 
Shiloh, near which some of the severest fighting occurred. 

35. When was the battle of Shiloh fought ? 

36. Give an account of the first day's fight at Shiloh. What reinforcements 

reached Grant's army, and what is said of the second day's fight ? State 
the number of killed and wounded in the battle. Where is Pittsburg Land- 
ing? (See Map, p. 184.) 

37. What can you tell of Halleck's advance against Corinth ? Of its evacuation 

by Beauregard ? Where is Corinth ? (See Map, p. 184.) 

38. Against what place was Buell sent, and what did Bragg then do ? Where is 

Chattanooga ? (See Map, p. 185.) What campaign of invasion was begun 
by Bragg? 



1862. J LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 181 

move northward with full forty thousand men to recover 
Tennessee and Kentucky. General Buell was then com- 
pelled to turn about to protect his line of supplies and 
repel the invaders. 

39. Part of Bragg's army, under E. Kirby Smith, moving 
northward from Knoxville, routed a Federal force near 
Richmond, August 30, and then marching on, threatened 
Cincinnati, and took possession of Frankfort. Meanwhile, 
Bragg, with the main body, was pressing northward from 
Chattanooga. At Munfordville he captured four thousand 
Federal troops, and then went on towards Frankfort. 

40. Buell failed to strike the invader a blow, but he 
so handled his army as to guard Nashville and Louisville. 
Rebel foraging parties overran Central Kentucky, and col- 
lected a vast quantity of plunder. Bragg made but a short 
stay in the vicinity of Frankfort. He turned back, pursued 
by Buell, and, after fighting a severe battle at Perryville, 
October 8, made good his escape. 

41. About the end of October Buell was superseded by 
General Rosecrans, who had just won important victories 
at and near Corinth. These we must now notice. Some 
weeks after the capture of Corinth, Halleck was called to 
Washington, to be the general-in-chief of all the armies of 
the republic. He left Grant in command of a large dis^ 
trict in the west. 

42: While Bragg was making his gigantic raid towards 
the Ohio, Generals Van Dorn and Price undertook to aid 
his enterprise by moving against Corinth. A rebel army 
led by Price advanced to I-u'ka, where it was attacked and 
ro uted, September 19, by the troops of General Rosecrans, 
w jo then held a command under Grant. Two weeks later 

38. What did Buell then do ? 

39. Give an account of operations by the invaders under E. Kirby Smith. Of the 

operations of the main army under Bragg. Where is Richmond ? (See 
Map, p. 185.) Cincinnati ? Frankfort ? Munfordville ? 

40. What is said of Buell ? Where is Nashville ? (See Map, p. 185.) Louisville ? 

What of rebel foraging parties ? What more can you tell of the invasion ? 
Where is Perryville ? (See Map, p. 185.) 

41. Who superseded Buell ? What is said of Halleck and Grant ? 

42. How did Van Dorn and Price cooperate with Bragg ? What is said of the 

battle of Iuka ? Where is Iuka ? (See Map, p. 184.) 



182 THE GREA1 REBELLION. [1862. 

the combined forces of Van Dorn and Price attacked the 
army/ under Rosecrans in the strong defences of Corinth, 
and on the second day of the fight, October 4, were 
repulsed with heavy loss. 

43. Bragg, some time after his retreat from Kentucky, 
gathered his forces at Mur'freesboro'. Rosecrans marched 
against him, and near that place, on the west side of Stone 
River, one of the fiercest conflicts of the war was fought 
on the last day of 1862. The Confederates nearly won the 
day, but their tide of victory was stayed, and after another 
severe encounter on the 2d of January, 1863, they were 
forced to retreat, yielding the advantages of a great victory 
to Rosecrans. 

44. Far west of the Mississippi there was also severe 
fighting in 1862. About the middle of February, General 
Curtis, who held command under Halleck, pushed Price 
across the southern border of Missouri into Arkansas. The 
Confederates made the most zealous efforts to support 
Price, and got together, in a short time, full twenty thou- 
sand men. General Van Dorn took the chief command of 
this army. Curtis had but little over half as many men, 
but he totally defeated Van Dorn in the fierce battle of 
Pea Ridge, which was fought March 7 and 8, in the north- 
western corner of Arkansas. 

45. During the summer, bands of rebel guerrillas roamed 
over much of the State of Missouri, and many combats 
took place between them and bodies of loyal militia. 
Later in the year, another large Confederate army was 
gathered in Arkansas, and in the north-western part of the 
state, at Prairie Grove, December 7, a considerable battle 
was fought. The poorly-armed and badly-disciplined Con- 
federates were defeated by much fewer Union troops. 

42. What is said of the battle at Corinth ? 

43. How was the battle of Murfreesboro' brought on, and what further is said 

of it? Where is Murfreesboro' ? (See Map. p. 185.) 

44. What is said of affairs beyond the Mississippi ? What of Curtis and Price ? 

What of Confederate efforts in this region ? Of the battle of Pea 
Ridge ? 

45. What is said of guerrilla bands in Missouri ? Of another large Confederate 

army in Arkansas, and of the battle of Prairie Grove ? 



1&52.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 183 

46. The rebels had erected forts and placed batteries at 
commanding* positions on the Mississippi in order to con- 
trol that great highway. During the spring of 1862 a 
number of these posts were gained by the national forces. 
Columbus being untenable after the capture of Fort 
Donelson, the Confederates went down the river to Island 
No. 10 and New Madrid. These posts they fortified. 

47. General John Pope, with a Union army, assailed 
New Mad'rid, and drove the rebels out of it. They fled 
to Island No. 10,* which was much more strongly fortified. 
Commodore Foote attacked the works on this island, and 
pounded away at them with shot and shell for three weeks, 
till Pope could cross the river so as to place his army in 
the rear of the stronghold. On the 7th of April — the last 
day of the great battle of Shiloh — the army crossed, and 
Island No. 10 was surrendered. About seven thousand 
prisoners were taken. 

48. The fleet advancing down the river was next stopped 
at Fort Pillow. This fort and rebel gunboats barred the 
way for some time, but the fall of Corinth exposing the 
post to capture from the rear, the garrison abandoned it 
early in June, and the Federal fleet then passed on to 
Memphis. There a naval battle took place, and Captain 
Davis (successor to the gallant Foote) won a victory which 
gave the national forces possession of the city. 

49. Far below Memphis is Vicksburg, which was the 
strongest Confederate post on the Mississippi. Almost at 
the very close of the year General William T. Sherman, 
with a large Union army, made an assault upon the works 
north of the town, and was repelled with severe loss. 
They were too strong to be taken by assault. 

* The islands in the Mississippi, from the mouth of the Ohio downward, are 
numbered in their order. 

46. How did the rebels try to keep control of the Mississippi ? What posts did 

they occupy after they abandoned Columbus ? 

47. How was New Madrid gained ? Give an account of the Union victory at 

Island No. 10. 

48. Give an account of operations at Fort Pillow and of its evacuation. How was 

Memphis repossessed ? Where is Memphis ? (See Map, p. 184.) Fort 
Pillow ? 

49. What is said of Vicksburg, and of Sherman's attempt to take it ? 




(184) 








^~^C^^i AND ^^3^-' 



IWAft^ 

OFTHE ^ 



rT. JEFFERSON 



fl85) 



186 THE GREAT REBELLION. [J 862. 

50. Efforts to open the Mississippi were also made by 
way of its mouth. Early in the year a naval armament, 
under Commodore David G. Far'ragut, was fitted out to 
act with an army under General Butler, for the capture of 
New Orleans. About seventy-five miles below the city, 
two forts, on opposite sides of the river, guarded the ap- 
proach from the Gulf. 

51. Farragut, having with little effect bombarded these 
forts for six days, on the 24th of April ran past them with 
the principal vessels of his fleet. This he did before the 
dawn of day, fighting a terrific battle with the forts, rebel 
gunboats, rams, and fire-rafts. Nearly the whole Con- 
federate fleet was destroyed, and the next day Farragut 
appeared before the city. The Confederate forces fled, and 
New Orleans lay at the mercy of the national war-vessels. 
The forts yielded after two or three days to the mortar 
boats under Commander Porter. Butler took military pos- 
session of the city, and held it with a strong hand for the 
national government. The capture of New Orleans was 
the severest blow yet inflicted upon the rebellion. 

52. Afterwards the fleet went up the river, capturing 
towns, and, aided by the gunboats from above, tried to 
batter down the works at Vicksburg. This was in the 
spring and summer before Sherman's repulse. 

53. On the Atlantic coast new positions were won from 
the Confederates early in the year. A land and naval ex- 
pedition, under General Burnside and Commodore Golds- 
borough (goldz'bur-o), sailing from Annapolis and Fortress 
Monroe, captured the forts on Roanoke Island, by severe 
fighting, February T and 8. 

54. A little while afterwards MTewbern, an important 
town, was taken, the Confederates who defended it being 
defeated in a hot engagement ; and near the end of April 

50. What forces were sent against New Orleans ? What is said of two forts ? 

51. Give an account of the naval battle below New Orleans ? After this battle 

what did Farragut do ? What did General Butler do ? 

52. How was Farragut's fleet afterwards employed ? 

53. What is said of Union successes on the Atlantic coast ? How were the forts on 

Roanoke Island captured ? Where is Roanoke Island ? (See Map, p. 185.) 

54. What important town was shortly afterwards taken ? 



1862.] 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



187 



Port Macon (ma'kun), commanding Beaufort (bu'furt) 
Harbor, surrendered after ten hours' bombardment. Nearly 
the whole of the North Carolina seaboard then lay at the 
mercy of the national arms. Meanwhile conquests farther 
south had been made, the most important being Fort 
Pulaski (pu-las'ki), guarding the mouth of the Savannah 
River. This fort yielded to Union batteries erected by 
Captain (afterwards General) Gillmore. 

55. When the Federals abandoned the navy yard near 
Norfolk, among the vessels which they sunk was the 
frigate Merrimack. The rebels raised this frigate, and 




Fight between the Monitor and the Merrimack. 

transformed it into an iron-clad ram, armed with ten heavy 
guns. On the 8th of March this terrible engine of war, 
steaming out from Norfolk, made a descent on the national 
fleet in Hampton Roads, destroyed the sloop-of-war Cum- 

54. What is said of Fort Macon and its capture ? Where was Fort Macon ? (See 

Map, p. 185.) What of the North Carolina seaboard ? Of Fort Pulaski and 

its capture ? 
65. How did the rebels come by the Merrimack, and what did they make of her ? 

Give an account of the havoc made in Hampton Iioads by the Merrimack, 

Where are Hampton Roads ? (See Map, p. 172.) 



188 THE GREAT REBELLION. [186Z. 

berland and the frigate Congress, and at evening seemed 
only to wait for the dawn of another day to complete the 
destruction of the whole fleet. Then what might not the 
monster do to northern cities on the coast ? 

56. But that night the Monitor arrived. She was an 
iron-clad vessel, just constructed on a new plan, and armed 
with two enormous guns in a turret. The turret could be 
revolved so as always to point the guns towards an an- 
tagonist. In the morning the little Monitor attacked the 
giant Merrimack, and after a fierce combat, the latter, con- 
siderably injured, gave up the fight, and made off towards 
Norfolk. This success caused the government to con- 
struct other vessels of the same kind as the Monitor. 

57. The most important events of the year, in the west, 
on the lower Mississippi, and on the Atlantic coast, have 
been given. We shall now notice the movements and 
battles of great armies in Virginia, where was the heart of 
the rebellion. 

58. MeClellan was not ready to advance till early in 
March ; but just before he took the field the Confederates 
abandoned Manassas, and fell back towards Richmond. 
After MeClellan had personally taken the field, the pres- 
ident relieved him of his duties as general-in-chief, and 
thus permitted him to give his undivided attention to the 
army of the Potomac. It being at length decided to go 
against Richmond by way of Fortress Monroe, the grand 
army was conveyed down the Potomac River and Ches- 
apeake Bay, and landed at the Fortress. 

59. On the 4th of April MeClellan began to advance up 
the peninsula, between the James and York Rivers ; but 
he was very soon stopped by fortifications and a Con- 
federate force at Yorktown. After he had spent a 
month in preparing to reduce these works by a siege, the 

66. What description can you give of the Monitor ? What can you tell of the fight 
between the Monitor and the Merrimack ? Who commanded the Monitor ? 
Ans. Lieutenant Worden (wur'dn.) 

57. What events of the year have been given, and what are we now to notice ? 

58. What movements were made by the Confederates just before MeClellan took 

the field ? What is said of a change in MeClellan's ofiicial duties ? Whituet 
was the army conveyed, and for what purpose ? 

59. Give an account of operations at Yorktown. 



1862.] Lincoln's administration. IbV 

enemy quietly evacuated them, and retreated towards 
Richmond. A rapid pursuit brought on a sharp fight at 
Williamsburg, May 5, but only a small part of the pur- 
*raing army was engaged, and after a spirited defence the 
Confederates made good their retreat. General Wool, 
commanding at Fortress Monroe, was now able to take 
possession of Norfolk, and the Confederates destroyed their 
famous iron-clad ram Merrimack. 

60. McClellan moved forward towards Richmond/ and 
establishing his base of supplies at White House, on the 
the Pamunkey, threw the left wing of his army across the 
Chickahom'iny, a very few miles from the rebel capital. 
This wing was attacked, May 31, near Fair Oaks and 
Seven Pines. The battle lasted part of two days, and at 
its close the Confederates fell back to Richmond. The 
loss was very severe on each side. General Joseph E. 
Johnston, the Confederate commander, was severely 
wounded, and General Robert E. Lee was afterwards as- 
signed to command in his place. 

61. McClellan had been expecting to be reenforced by 
McDowell, who was at Fredericksburg, in command of 
over forty thousand men. To keep the way open for 
McDowell to join him, he had sent forward a column under 
General Fitz-John Porter, who routed a body of the enemy 
at Hanover Court House, four days before the battle of Fair 
Oaks. But a bold enterprise performed by the Confederate 
General Jackson, popularly known as " Stonewall" Jack- 
son, prevented the junction of McDowell and McClellan. 

62. To understand this achievement we must turn to the 
Shenandoah Valley and the adjacent regions. Besides 
McDowell's army, two other armies were cooperating 
with the grand army of the Potomac — one under General 

59. Give an account of the fight at Williamsburg. Who took Norfolk ? Where 

is Norfolk ? (See Map, p. 172.) Fate of the ram Merrimack ? 

60. Where did McClellan establish his base of supplies, and where did he place 

his army? Where is the Pamunkey River? (See Map, p. 172.) The 
Chickahominy ? Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks. What is said 
of Johnston and Lee ? 

61. How was McClellan expecting to be reenforced ? What is said of the affair at 

Hanover Court House ? Where is Hanover Court House ? (See Map, p. 
172.) Fredericksburg ? What is said of a bold enterprise ? 

62. What three armies were cooperating with the army of the Potomac ? 



190 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1862. 

Banks, in the Shenandoah Valley, the other under General 
Fre'mont, who had command in West Virginia. 

63. Jackson, who was far up the Shenandoah Valley, 
suddenly struck a blow at Fremont, and then advanced with 
twenty thousand men to crash Banks at Strasburg. Banks, 
being vastly outnumbered, rapidly retreated down the val- 
ley, pursued by his foe, and reached the Potomac, but 
not without loss. 

64. Jackson's movements startled the north, and pro- 
duced the wildest excitement in Washington, which was 
thought to be in great peril. McDowell, then on the point 
of marching to reenforce McClellan, was kept back, and 
ordered to head off Jackson when he returned up the valley. 
For this purpose he detached a large force, and Fremont 
hastened with his army from the west of the valley. 

65. But Jackson was too nimble to be caught. He 
slipped between his foes, and although hotly pursued, made 
his escape. These famous races down and up the valley oc- 
curred in the latter part of May and the early part of June. 
While McDowell, Banks, and Fremont were waiting to 
meet Jackson, should he again move northward, he quietly 
joined Lee before Richmond, and both fell upon McClellan. 

66. Fighting began on the 25th of June, and on the fol- 
lowing day Lee fiercely attacked the Union troops on the 
north side of the Chickahominy, threatened their com- 
munications with White House, and caused McClellan 
fully to make up his mind to change his base, and transfer 
his army to the James River. While McClellan was doing 
this, Lee continued his attacks, and terrible battles were 
fought. The fighting continued during seven days, known 
as the seven days before Richmond, ending July 1, in a 
bloody repulse of the Confederates at Malvern Hill. The 
other principal battles had been fought at Mechanicsville, 

63. How did Jackson begin his valley campaign, and what did Banks do r 

64. What feeling was aroused by Jackson's movements ? What is said of 

McDowell and Fremont ? 

65. Result of the pursuit of Jackson ? Date of these races ? What more is said 

of Jackson ? 

66. What is said of Lee's operations against McClellan, and of a change of base ? 

State what you can of the battles which took place. In what direction from 
Richmond are these battle-fields . J (See Map, p. 172.) 



1862.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 191 

Gaines's Mill, Savage's Station, and Glendale. McClellan's 
army was the stronger, numbering considerably over one 
hundred thousand men. The Union and Confederate losses 
together amounted to thirty-five thousand men. 

61. While these conflicts were going on near Richmond, 
the v armies of McDowell, Banks, and Fremont were united 
into one body, as the Army of Virginia, and placed under 
the command of General John Pope. 

68. Lee next turned upon Pope. The forces of Jackson 
and Banks began the struggle, August 9, at Cedar Moun- 
tain, and it was continued by Lee and Pope in several other 
battles, the most' sanguinary being fought near the old 
battle-field of Bull Run. The engagement at Chantilly,* 
September 1, ended the series of conflicts in which the 
Union army had been thoroughly worsted. It staggered 
back to the fortifications of Washington. McClellan had 
been ordered up with his army from the James, but he 
came too late to stem the tide of disaster. At Chantilly, 
two gallant and skilful Union generals, Stevens and 
Kearny (kar'ni), were slain. 

69. Pope was relieved of his command, and all the 
troops were placed under McClellan for the defence of 
Washington. Lee, now resolving upon the invasion of 
Maryland, crossed the Potomac, and entered Frederick. 
Thence he moved westward, followed by McClellan, who 
marched so as to protect Washington and Baltimore. On 
the 14th of September the Union advance came upon part 
of Lee's army holding two gaps of the South Mountain. 
After severe fighting these forces of the enemy were driven 
from their positions. 

70. On the following day, Harper's Ferry, with a Union 
garrison of near twelve thousand men, was shamefully sur- 

* Pronounced shan'til-U. 

66. What is said of the opposing forces and the losses ? 

67. How was the army of Virginia formed, and who commanded it? 

68. What is said of battles fought by Lee and Pope ? Result of these b.oody con- 

flicts ? Where is Cedar Mountain ? (See Map, p. 172.) What is said of 
McClellan ? Of Stevens and Kearny ? 

69. Give an account of movements by Lee and McClellan in Maryland. Of con- 

flicts at the South Mountain. Where is the South Mt.? (See Map, p. 172.) 

70. What great success was gained by Jackson ? 



192 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1862. 

rendered to General Jackson, after a feeble resistance. 
Jackson immediately marched to rejoin Lee, who had 
placed his forces west of Antietam (an-te'tam) Creek, near 
Sharpsburg. There, September 17, was fought the great 
battle of Antietam, which raged from dawn till dark, and 
left both armies greatly shattered ; but Lee was forced to 
recross the Potomac. 

71. For several weeks McClellan did not seek his foe. 
At length, crossing the Potomac, in the early days of 
November, he moved southward, east of the Shenandoah 
Valley, up which Lee was now retreating. At this time 
the president, who had been much dissatisfied with 
McClellan's inactivity, sent him an order to surrender the 
command to General Ambrose E. Burnside. This general 
concentrated his forces on the Rappahannock, opposite 
Fredericksburg, intending to march upon Richmond from 
that point. The Union troops crossed the river, and, Decem- 
ber 13, were defeated, with frightful loss, in an attempt to 
carry the works held by Lee in the rear of Fredericksburg. 
On the night of the 15th they recrossed the river. 

72. The Federal government this year prohibited slavery 
in all the territories of the United States, abolished it in 
the District of Columbia, and authorized the enlistment of 
colored troops. Many thousand blacks afterwards fought 
on the Union side. 

73. The Sioux War. — The summer of 1862, was sadly 
marked in Minnesota by terrible massacres perpetrated by 
bands of Sioux (soo) Indians, under Little Crow and other 
chiefs. They murdered hundreds of the inhabitants, and 
compelled many thousands to flee from their homes. The 
whites soon marched against the savages, killed or cap- 
tured some hundreds of them, and drove others into Da-ko'ta. 
In the next year, when the Indians renewed the work of 

70. State where Lee placed his forces, and give an account of the battle of Antietam. 

Where is Sharpsburg' ? (See Map, p. 172.) 

71. After some weeks what movements of the armies were made ? Who super- 

seded McClellan, and where did the new commander place his forces ? 
Give an account of the Union defeat at Fredericksburg'. 

72. What action did the government take this year in regard to slavery ? What 

is said of colored troops ? 

73. What Indian massacres occurred in 1862 ? How were the Indians punished ? 



1863.J LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 193 

death, they were hunted down, as if they were wild beasts, 
and pursued far westward till they crossed the Missouri 
River. 

74. Events of 1863. — On the first day of the year 1863 
President Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation, 
which will ever be memorable. It declared forever free 
all slaves in the insurgent states, except in such parts of 
Louisiana and Virginia as were under national authority. 
This New Year's Day was the beginning of a new era in 
the history of the colored race. 

75. Late in January General Joseph Hooker took com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac, in place of Burnside. 
This army was still opposite Fredericksburg. After three 
months Hooker crossed the Rappahannock, and was badly 
defeated by Lee in a battle fought chiefly May 2 and 3, at 
Chancellorsville. Again the Union army retreated across 
the river, having suffered great loss. Among the Con- 
federate loss was the famous general, " Stonewall " Jack- 
son, who was shot by mistake by his own men, and fell 
mortally wounded. 

76. Early in the next month, Lee put his splendid army 
in motion for another invasion of the loyal states. He 
pressed down the Shenandoah Valley, on the way cap- 
turing or dispersing a Union force, crossed the Potomac, 
and advanced into Pennsylvania. Hooker rapidly moved 
back, marching in such a manner as to cover Washington. 
He had reached Frederick, Maryland, when he was super- 
seded by General George G. Meade, who met the invading 
host at Gettysburg,* Pennsylvania, and there gave battle. 

77. This decisive battle, the greatest of the war, began 
July 1, and continuing through the next two days, ended 
in a Federal victory. On the 4th of July Lee began to 

* get'tiz-burg — g as in go. 

74. When did President Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation, and what 

did it declare ? 

75. What is said of Hooker and his defeat near Chancellorsville ? What was 

Chancellorsville ? Ans. It was a large house about ten miles west of 
Fredericksburg'. What famous southern general fell in this battle ? 

76. In the next month what movements were made by Lee and Hooker ? Who 

superseded Hooker, and where did the armies join battle ? 

77. State what you can about the battle of Gettysburg, including its results. 

Where is Gettysburg ? (See Map, p. 185.) 

13 



194 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1863. 

withdraw his broken columns towards Virginia. The 
mighty armies which struggled at Gettysburg lost in killed, 
wounded, and missing, near fifty thousand men, and of 
these Lee lost much more than half. 

78. Crossing the Potomac, Lee retreated up the Shenan- 
doah Valley, and at length took position on the south side 
of the Kapidan'. Meade followed, and posted the Union 
army north of that stream. There they confronted each 
other till some time in the next spring, except that both 
generals made some forward movements to find a chance 
to get the advantage. But neither allowed himself to be 
outmanoeuvred. 

^9. We shall now tell of the greatest achievement in 
the west — the opening of the Mississippi. You will re- 
member that General Sherman attacked the outworks of 
Vicksburg and was repulsed, at the end of last year. Ef- 
forts for its capture were soon renewed. Early in this year 
General Grant placed his forces on the west side of the 
river, a few miles above Vicksburg, and began to plan how 
best to operate against the stronghold. One scheme after 
another was tried and abandoned. Finally, he marched his 
army to a point many miles below the city, and on the last 
day of April crossed to the east bank of the Mississippi, 
by means of Admiral Poller's vessels, which had run by the 
rebel batteries in the night-time. While moving around to 
the rear of Vicksburg, Grant met the Confederates, and 
defeated them in five battles outside of their fortifica- 
tions. 

80. Driving the enemy, under General Pemberton, back 
into Vicksburg, Grant then laid siege to the place. General 
Joseph E. Johnston, with a Confederate force, hovered in the 
rear of the Union army, but he had too few men to attack it. 
Day and night the army and fleet rained shot and shell into 

78. What movements did the rival generals make after this battle? 

79. Where is Vicksburg ? (See Map, p. 184.) By whom and how were efforts for 

the capture of Vicksburg renewed early in 1863 ? How did Grant get to the 
rear of Vicksburg, and now many battles were fought while moving to this 
position. 

80. What did Grant then do ? What is said of General Johnston ? Describe th« 

siege. 



1863.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 195 

the doomed city. Assaults made by the besiegers were 
repulsed. For more than six weeks the siege went on ; but 
at last, July 4, Vicksburg was surrendered, and its gar- 
rison, twenty-seven thousand men, became prisoners. 

81. The capture of Vicksburg made Port Hudson, the 
last Confederate stronghold on the river, untenable. It 
was therefore surrendered, five days later, to General 
Banks, who for some weeks had been investing it. Banks 
had Superseded Butler at New Orleans. The fall of these 
fortified places opened the Mississippi through its whole 
length. The Confederacy was thus cut in two. 

82. There were fights at various places in Missouri and 
Arkansas, but they had no great bearing on the war. 
After Vicksburg fell, Grant sent out a force under General 
Steele, who, in September, took possession of Little Bock, 
the capital of Arkansas. In the western part of these 
states bands of rebel guerrillas had their haunts. One of 
these bands dashed into Lawrence, Kansas, in August, 
burned much of the city, and murdered one hundred and 
forty of its inhabitants. 

83. Now let us go back to Tennessee, where we left 
Rosecrans the victor at Murfreesboro\ Bragg, after his 
defeat, fell back southward, and took a strong position 
north of Duck River. It was nearly six months before 
Rosecrans was prepared to advance. He then, in the 
latter part of June, began a series of skilful movements, 
which in nine days compelled the Confederate army to 
abandon Middle Tennessee, and retreat over the Cumber- 
land Mountains to Chattanooga. 

84. After some weeks Rosecrans again advanced in such 
a manner as to compel Bragg again to retreat, and the 
Union general then threw part of his force into Chat- 
so. When was Vicksburg surrendered, and how many prisoners were taken ? 

81. What effect did the fall of Vicksburg have on operations at Port Hudson ? 

When and to whom was Port Hudson surrendered ? What had the fall of 
these posts accomplished ? 

82. What is said of fights in Missouri and Arkansas ? What of Little Rock ? Of 

guerrillas, and the massacre at Lawrence? 

83. Relate how the Confederates under Bragg were made to abandon Middle 

Tennessee. 

84. How did Rosecrans gain Chattanooga, and what battle followed ? 



196 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1863. 

tanooga. Pushing on, he found the enemy only a few 
miles south of that place. Bragg, having received re- 
enforcements, was now stronger than his pursuer. The 
bloody battle of Chickamauga followed, fought September 
19 and 20, near a creek of that name. The Federals were 
beaten, and fell back to Chattanooga, where they fortified 
themselves. In the last day's fight General Thomas and 
his men saved the army from ruin. He stood like a rock 
when the masses of the enemy were hurled upon him. 

85. The Union army was now shut up in Chattanooga 
by Bragg, who took possession of mountain ranges near 
$he town. Soon the besieged were in danger of starving. 
The national government made great efforts to relieve them. 
Grant was appointed to the chief command of all the Union 
Armies in the west east of the Mississippi, and Rosecrans 
was superseded by Thomas. Sherman came with troops 
from Vicksburg, and Hooker with a detachment from the 
army of the Potomac. 

86. The siege was raised by a battle, which Grant began 
on the 23d of November and continued on the two fol- 
lowing days. The Federals gained a complete victory, 
but it was wonderful how they gained it. They rushed 
up the steep sides of Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge, swept the Confederates from their strong positions, 
and forced them to flee southward. 

87. While Rosecrans was moving against Chattanooga, 
late in the summer, Burnside was marching an army from 
Kentucky into the valley of East Tennessee, where he 
was joyfully welcomed — most of the people being Union- 
ists. But their country had been held by armed Confed- 
erates, who had treated them with great severity. On the 
1st of September Burnside occupied Knoxville. 

84. Result of the battle ? What is said of General Thomas ? Where is Chat- 

tanooga ? (See Map, p. 185.) 

85. Describe the condition of the Union army at Chattanooga. What command 

was given to Grant, and who superseded Rosecrans ? What generals 
brought reinforcements ? 

86. How did Grant raise the siege of Chattanooga ? What is said of this Federal 

victory ? 

87. When and how was East Tennessee repossessed ? What is said of the peopl* 

of East Tennessee ? 



1863.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 197 

88. Bragg, after shutting up the Union army in Chat- 
tanooga, detached Longstreet and his command to regain 
East Tennessee. That general marched upon Knoxville, 
and laid siege to it ; but Burnside stoutly held the place, 
and after the victory at Chattanooga, Grant sent a force 
under Sherman to his assistance. Learning this, Long- 
street made a desperate assault, was repulsed, and then 
retreated towards Virginia. 

89. In the summer a daring raid was made through 
Kentucky, into Indiana and Ohio, by the noted Confederate 
ranger, General Morgan, and his troopers. Pursuers 
pressed hard after him, and in less than a month his band 
was killed, captured, or scattered. Among the captured 
was Morgan himself. He, however, dug out of the prison 
in which he was confined, and continued his career as a 
raider, till one night when he was surprised by Union 
troopers, and shot while trying to escape. 

90. Nearly forty thousand seamen were in the service 
of the government this year, most of them being employed 
to enforce the blockade and assist the Union armies. They 
captured many swift steamers, sent out by English mer- 
chants with cargoes for southern ports. 

91. The government sent expeditions for the capture 
of Port Sumter and Charleston. Early in April, Admiral 
Du Pont, with a fleet of iron-clads, assailed the defences of 
Charleston Harbor, but he was soon obliged to retire. 
Afterwards land and naval forces, under General Gill- 
more and Admiral Dahl'gren, attacked these defences. 
In July Gillmore seized part of Morris Island, and tried to 
take Fort Wagner, on the other part, by storming it, but 
failed with sad loss. By a siege, the Confederates were at 
length forced to abandon this fort. Fort Sumter was 

88. What did Bragg do to regain East Tennessee i What is said of the siege of 

Knoxville ? 

89. What daring Confederate raid is mentioned ? Result to the raiders ? What 

further is said of Morgan ? 

90. How many seamen were in the service of the government? What is said of 

English blockade-runners ? 
tl. Give an account of the first expedition sent against Fort Sumter. Who com- 
manded the second expedition ? Give an account of operations against 
Fort Wagner. What of Fort Sumter ? Of Charleston ? 



198 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1864. 

bombarded and made a heap of ruins, but the garrison still 
held it, and Charleston also withstood the long siege, 
although Gillniore threw shells into the city from Morris 
Island. 

92. Congress had authorized the president to obtain 
troops by a draft. Those who feared the draft or hated 
the war fiercely opposed this way of raising troops. In 
New York city it gave rise to a terrible and bloody riot, 
which broke out July 13, while the draft was going on. It 
lasted four da,js before it was put down. The fury of the 
mob was especially directed towards negroes, and among 
the buildings sacked and burned was the Asylum for 
Colored Orphans. So wicked and brutal were the rioters. 

93. The rebellion was at the height of its power about 
the middle of this year ; but it began to wane after the 
Union victories at Gettysburg and Yicksburg, on the 3d 
and 4th of July. 

3. From the Beginning of 1864 to the Assassination 
of President Lincoln', 

94. Events of 1864. — In February, 1864, General Sher- 
man made a successful raid, on a grand scale, from Vicks- 
burg eastward, nearly across the State of Mississippi. 
The Confederate general Forrest and his horsemen were 
at this time in the northern part of the state. They 
drove back a large cavalry force which set out from 
Memphis to join Sherman at Meridian. 

95. Forrest, like Morgan, was a swift and daring raider. 
A little later he made an inroad into the western part of 
Tennessee and Kentucky, and among other exploits took 
Port Pillow by storm on the 12th of April. At that time 
it was garrisoned by almost six hundred men, about half 
of them being negro troops. After the works had been 
carried, the assailants stained their victory by a dreadful 

92. What is said of opposition to the draft ? Of a riot in New York cit7 ? 

93. When was the rebellion at the height of its power, and when did it begin to 

wane ? 

94. What great raid did Sherman make from Vicksburg, and what happened to 

a cooperating cavalry force ? 

95. A little later what did Forrest do ? 



1864.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 199 

massacre, and thus a large part of the garrison fell. The 
employment of colored troops by the national government 
had greatly exasperated the southern people. 

96. Forrest and his troopers, some time after the affair 
at Fort Pillow, thoroughly routed, in Northern Mississippi, 
a large force sent against them from Memphis ; but 
another force, in July, gave them a severe defeat. 

97. Early in the year General Banks, commanding at 
New Orleans, led an expedition far up the Red River. 
He intended to occupy Shreveport. His army was re- 
enforced by ten thousand men from Vicksburg, and Admiral 
Porter, with a fleet of iron-clad gunboats, cooperated. But 
the Federals did not go so far as Shreveport. After two 
battles, fought April 8 and 9, the first resulting in a victory 
for the Confederates and the second in their repulse, the 
expedition was given up. 

98. While Porter's gunboats were above Alexandria 
the water fell so much that they could not repass the 
rapids at that place. They were, however, saved by the 
remarkable skill of Colonel Bailey, who built a dam below 
the rapids, and thus raised the water high enough to 
allow the vessels to pass them. 

99. An expedition sent out early in the year to re- 
claim Florida also failed, the Union troops being disas- 
trously defeated near O-lus'tee, February 20. 

100. We shall now speak of much more important 
events — of the famous campaigns of Grant and Sherman. 
In March the rank of Lieutenant-General was conferred 
upon Grant, and he was given command of all the Union 
armies. The bulk of the Confederate forces formed two 
great armies. One, in Virginia, under Lee, was strongly 

95. Give an account of the Fort Pillow massacre. 
9(>. What else is related of Forrest ? 

97. Who led the Red River expedition, and what was the point aimed at ? Where 

is Shreveport ? (See Map, p. 184.) Where is Alexandria ? What can you 
say of the forces ? Result of the expedition ? 

98. Give an account of the saving of the gunboats in Red River. 

99. What can you tell of a Union expedition sent to Blorida ? Where is Olusteef 

(See Map, p. 185.) 

100. What rank was conferred upon Grant ? What did most of the southern 

forces form ? 



200 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1864. 

posted south of the Rapidan, and shielded Richmond ; 
the other, in Georgia, under Johnston, was intrenched at 
Dalton (dawl'tun), and shielded Atlanta, a great railroad 
centre of the south. 

101. General Sherman was placed in command of the 
Union forces west of the Alleghany Mountains, to conquer 
Johnston. General Meade still held command of the 
Army of trie Potomac, which had the task of conquering 
Lee's army. Lieuten ant-General Grant had his head' 
quarters with the Army of the Potomac, and took the gen' 
eral direction of military affairs. 

102. This army crossed the Rapidan, May 4, and the 
next day Lee hurled his heavy columns upon it, in the 
region known as the Wilderness. There a terrific battle 
raged for two days, at the close the Confederates with- 
drawing behind their intrenchments. These were too 
strong to be assaulted. Grant, resolving to go on, there- 
fore made a flank movement, but again found his foe before 
him at Spottsylvania, where the rival armies had a long, 
fierce struggle. Another flank movement was followed by 
a fight at the North Anna, and another by the bloody 
Federal repulse at Cold Harbor. Whenever Grant made 
a flanking advance, Lee fell back rapidly, and behind breast^ 
works again confronted him. 

103. Then, at the middle of June, the Union leader, 
moving to the left, threw his army across trie James, the 
Confederates falling back within the defences of Richmond 
and Petersburg. This bloody campaign to the James had 
lasted six weeks, and cost the Union army sixty thousand 
men, while the Confederates, who had commonly fought 
behind intrenchments, lost only about one third as many. 

100. Describe Lee's position. Johnston's. 

101. What was Sherman's command and task ? Meade's ? What is said of Grant ? 

102. When did the Army of the Potomac cross the Rapidan ? What did Lee then 

do ? What is said of the battle of the Wilderness ? Give an account of 
Grant's operations after this battle, including' the battles of Spottsylvania, 
North Anna, and Cold Harbor. Where is the Wilderness ? (See Map, p. 
172.) Spottsylvania ? Cold Harbor ? What is said of Lee's movements ? 

103. Describe the movements of the two armies after the battle of Cold Harbor. 

How long had the campaign to tho James lasted, and what were th« 
losses ? 



1864.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 201 

104. In cooperation with the movement of the Army of 
the Potomac against Richmond, General Butler ascended 
the James River with about thirty-five thousand men, who 
were landed at City Point and Bermuda Hundred. These 
positions he fortified and held. He also marched within 
seven or eight miles of Richmond, but was driven back 
to Bermuda Hundred. When Grant had fought his way 
down to Cold Harbor, a large part of Butler's troops joined 
him, to take part in that battle. 

105. Lee and his veterans were now within the long 
line of earthworks, which, extending from the south-west of 
Petersburg to the north-west of Richmond, shielded these 
cities. Grant, having passed the James, threw his army 
against these defences. Being repulsed, he sat down for 
a regular siege, and while conducting it, struck heavy 
blows at his vigilant antagonist. There was a great deal 
of severe fighting, sometimes north of the James, but 
mostly south of it, the severest battles being fought south 
of Petersburg, where the national troops tried to get 
around to the rear of the enemy's works. 

106. The most remarkable attempt to get inside these 
works was made July 30, by exploding a mine under a 
Confederate fort before Petersburg. The fort and its 
garrison were thrown high in air, but the storming column, 
which pressed into the gap made by the explosion, was re- 
pulsed with dreadful slaughter. 

107. General Sigel's army, in the Shenandoah Valley, 
was also to cooperate with the Army of the Potomac. 
Sigel, advancing about the time at which Grant began his 
march, soon came upon a Confederate force, and was 
defeated. General Hunter took the command in place of 
Sigel, and after routing a large body of the enemy, marched 

104. Give an account of Butler's cooperating movements with an army which had 

been collected at Fortress Monroe. Where are City Point and Bermuda 
Hundred ? (See Map, p. 172.) Where is Petersburg ? 

105. Where were Lee and his army i What did Grant do after crossing the 

James ? What is said of the fighting during the siege of Petersburg ? 

106. Give an account of an attempt to break through the Confederate defences by 

exploding a mine. 

107. What is said of Sigel's cooperation with the Army of the Potomac ? Of 

Hunter's ? 



202 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1884. 

against Lynchburg. But he found this city too well 
defended to be taken, and was forced to retreat into West 
Virginia. 

108. The way to the Potomac was thus left open, and 
Lee, in the hope of compelling Grant to raise the siege of 
Richmond and go to the defence of the national capital, 
sent General Early, with a strong invading army, north- 
ward. Early swept down the Shenandoah Valley, crossed 
the Potomac into Maryland early in July, and after defeat- 
ing a small force under the active General Wallace {wot lis), 
at the Mo-noc'a-cy River, near Frederick, seriously threat- 
ened Washington and Baltimore. But Grant had sent up 
troops to protect the capital, and Early quickly retreated 
into Virginia. For some time, however, he hovered near 
the Potomac. His cavalry made a plundering raid into 
Pennsylvania, and on the 30th of July burned most of 
Chambersburg. 

109. On the 19th of September General Philip H. 
Sheridan, who had commanded Grant's cavalry, but who 
was now in command of the army protecting Washington, 
defeated Early in the battle of Winchester, and sent him 
" whirling up the valley/ ' Pursuing his enemy southward, 
Sheridan, three days after, again struck him a stunning 
blow, and then returning, laid waste this fertile valley, so 
tiiat the enemy could draw no further supplies from it. 

110. Just one month from the day of the battle of Win- 
chester, the Confederates, in the early morning, fell upon 
Sheridan's troops, near Gedar Creek, and drove them from 
their camp. Sheridan himself was miles away at the time, 
in Winchester ; but soon he came riding swiftly to the 
front, and imparted to the men something of his own fiery 
spirit. They charged upon the Confederates, and put them 
to total rout. Early's army was ruined. 

108. What plan did Lee adopt to raise the siege of Richmond ? Relate some 

events of this invasion. What had Grant done ? What fate befell Cham- 
bersburg ? 

109. When and by whom was Early defeated at Winchester ? How did the Union 

general follow up his victory ? 

110. Give an account of the surprise of Sheridan's troops at Cedar Creek. Oi 

Sheridan's arrival, and the result of the contest. 



Z864.] LINCOLN'S ADJIINISTRATION. 203 

111. While such had been the progress of the war in 
Virginia, General Sherman, in the west, had been conduct- 
ing one of the most remarkable campaigns on record. 
With an army of nearly one hundred thousand men, he 
set out from the neighborhood of Chattanooga, May 6, on 
his march to Atlanta. Confronting him was General 
Johnston, with an army about half as large. 

112. By skilfully moving so as to threaten the enemy's 
flank and rear, Sherman compelled him to fall back first 
from one strong position, then from another, till he had 
pushed him across the Chat-ta-hoo'chee, and forced him, 
about the middle of July, to take refuge within the fortifi- 
cations of Atlanta. He then laid siege to the city. Dur- 
ing this march heavy battles were fought — the severest 
at liesaca (re-sah! kali) , Dallas, and Ken'e-saw Mountain. 

113. At Atlanta, the brave and prudent Johnston was 
superseded by the impetuous General Hood, who, in the 
latter part of July, sallied forth three times, on the 20th, 22d, 
and 28th, and furiously assailed the Union lines, but each 
time was repulsed, and suffered great loss. In the second 
of these battles the gallant and accomplished Union general, 
McPherson, was killed. At length Sherman moved his 
main force around south of the city, and defeating a large 
part of the Confederate army at Jonesboro', compelled 
Hood to abandon Atlanta in the night of September 1. 
The victors occupied it, and could now take breath for a 
while. During the campaign both armies had been re- 
enforced. 

114. After the fall of Atlanta, Hood, passing around to 
the north-west of the city, seriously threatened the long line 
of supplies of the Union army. Sherman followed him 
some distance, but in a short time marched back to 

111. When and with how large an army did General Sherman set out from 

Chattanooga for Atlanta? 

112. Give an account of Sherman's march to Atlanta. Name the severest battles 

that took place. 

113. What is said of a change of Confederate commanders, and of three furious 

assaults upon the Union linos ? What of General McPherson ? Tell how 
and when Sherman gained Atlanta. 

114. What movements of Hood and Sherman followed the fall of Atlanta? 



204 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1864 

Atlanta. He had sent troops and his best general, Thomas, 
to protect Tennessee, whither Hood was now tending. 

115. The Confederate general invaded Tennessee, and 
Thomas concentrated his scattered forces at Nashville ; but 
before this could be done the invaders overtook a strong 
column under General Schofield (sko'feeld), who made a 
stand at Franklin on the last day of November, and re- 
pulsed their assaults with great loss to the assailants. 
Schofield that night fell back to Nashville, which city the 
Confederates soon began to invest. On the 15th of Decem- 
ber Thomas sallied out and drove them back, and the next 
day, renewing the battle, put them to total rout. He pur- 
sued them vigorously, and the fragments of Hood's army 
suffered terribly in their winter flight back into Alabama. 

116. We will now see what Sherman had been doing 
meanwhile. Severing all communication with the north, 
and committing Atlanta to the flames, save its dwelling- 
houses and a few other buildings, he set out in the middle 
of November on his famous march to the sea. His way 
lay through the heart of Georgia. His troops, moving in 
separate columns, swept over a wide space, and collected 
their provisions from the country through which they 
passed. They saw no enemy* who could offer serious 
resistance, and in less than a month reached the vicinity 
of Savannah. Then, by assault, Sherman quickly carried 
Port McAllister {mak-dl'lis-ter), and thus opened com- 
munication with the Federal fleet off the coast. A few days 
later, December 21, he took possession of Savannah, its 
garrison having fled in the night-time. 

117. The last rebel invasion of Missouri was made in 
the autumn of this year. General Price entered the state 
from Arkansas, at the head of a large invading force, but 
he was soon driven back. 

114. Whom did Sherman send to protect Tennessee ? 

115. Give an account of the battle of Franklin. Where is Franklin ? Ans. 

Eighteen miles south-west of Nashville. Give an account of Thomas's 
victory at Nashville. What is said of Hood's flight ? 

116. State when Sherman set out on his march for the sea, and what occurred at 

Atlanta. What is said of the march ? Of Fort McAllister and Savannah ? 

117. What can you tell of the last rebel invasion of Missouri ? 



1865] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 205 

118. In August of this year the brave Admiral Farragut 
won new fame. Boldly defying the fire of Forts Morgan 
and Gaines at the entrance to Mobile Bay, he steamed 
past them with his fleet, captured or dispersed the rebel 
gunboats, and, after a desperate conflict, overcame the 
great iron ram Tennessee. Afterwards, aided by a land 
force, he took the forts, and thus closed Mobile Bay to 
blockade-runners. But the city itself was not captured 
till the spring of 1865. 

119. A few English-built cruisers, commissioned by 
the rebel authorities, caused immense loss to American 
commerce. The greatest havoc was inflicted by the 
Alabama, Captain Semmes. This steamer — built in a 
British ship-yard, manned chiefly by British sailors, and 
armed with British cannon — darted swiftly over the seas, 
capturing and burning American merchantmen. She long 
eluded pursuit, but one Sunday morning, in June, 1864, 
the Ke'ar-sarge, Captain Winslow, encountered her off the 
harbor of Cherbourg (sher-boorg'), France, and sunk her. 

120. In the autumn of 1864 Lincoln was reelected by 
the people of the loyal states, and Andrew Johnson, of 
Tennessee, was chosen vice-president. Nevada* (ne-vah'- 
dah) was admitted as a state in the same year. 

121. Events of 1865. — The first military success of the 
year 1865 was the capture of. Fort Fisher, the main 
defence of Wilmington, whose port had never yet been 
wholly closed to blockade-runners. Admiral Porter, with 
a powerful fleet, bombarded the fort with great effect, and 
then the land forces, under General Terry, carried the 
works by assault, January 15. The fall of Fort Fisher 

* So named from the Sierra Nevada, a mountain-range partly bounding the 
state on the west. Sierra Nevada are Spanish words, meaning mountain-chain 
snow-clad. 

118. Give an account of Farragut's victory in Mobile Bay. What is said of Forts 

Morgan and Gaiues, and the city ? Where is Mobile Bay ? (See Map, p. 184.) 

119. What is said of English-built cruisers ? Give an account of the doings of 

the Alabama. What was her fate ? 

120. When was Lincoln reelected, and who became vice-president ? What terri- 

tory became a state in the same year ? 

121. What was the first military success of the year 1865 ? At the mouth of what 

river was Fort Fisher ? (See Map, p. 185.) How and when was the fort 
taken ? Where is Wilmington ? (See Map, p. 185.) 



206 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1865 

was followed in a few weeks by the fall of Wilmington. 
Union troops took the city. 

122. The 1st of February saw Sherman again on the 
march. Moving northward, he easily brushed aside the 
small bodies of the enemy which offered any annoyance, 
and on the llth occupied Columbia, the capital of South 
Carolina. On the same day Charleston was abandoned 
by its garrison, whose safety was now threatened by 
Sherman's movements. On the following day, February 
18, Gillmore's troops raised the national flag over Fort 
Sumter, and took possession of the city. 

123. From Columbia, Sherman continued his march 
northward for a while, and then turning, moved in a north- 
easterly direction to Fayetfceville, North Carolina. Re- 
suming his course, he was now first seriously opposed by 
the enemy. Near Avery sboro' he beat a strong force of 
the enemy, and at Bentonsville, where a severe battle was 
fought, defeated his old antagonist, Johnston, who had 
collected troops from various quarters. On the 23d of 
March, Sherman entered Goldsboro', to which place Gen- 
eral Schofield had brought up a cooperating force from 
Newbern, and General Terry another from Wilmington. 

124. The vast injury which Sherman had done the Con- 
federates in his march down to the sea, and through the 
Carolinas, cannot be tol^l. lie had destroyed railroads, 
mills, workshops — everything of great use in war. 
There was also great destruction of private property. 
Through South Carolina, in particular, he had cut a wide 
swath of desolation. His conquering legions were now 
where they could cooperate with Grant's army. 

125. The end was now near. Just before Grant began 
his final campaign (of which we are soon to tell), and while 

121. What followed the capture of Fort Fisher ? 

122. Give an account of Sherman's march from Savannah to Columbia. Relate 

how Charleston and Fort Sumter came again under national authority. 

123. Describe Sherman's march from Columbia. What battles were fought, and 

with what results ? When did Sherman enter Goldsboro', and what junc- 
tion of forces was made ? In what direction is Goldsboro' from Newbern ? 
(See Map, p. 185.) From Wilmington ? 

124. What can you tell about the injury Sherman had done the Confederates ? 

125. What is said of Confederate affairs just before and during Grant's final 

campaign ? 



1865.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 207 

he was conducting it, other Union leaders, acting under 
his instructions, were dealing the Confederacy hard blows. 
General Canby and Admiral Thatcher were assailing the 
strong defences of Mobile. These were, at length, taken, 
and the city fell on the 12th of April. 

126. General Wilson, with thirteen thousand horsemen, 
sent out by General Thomas, was making a great raid 
through the heart of Alabama, capturing cities, and de- 
stroying railroads and other property useful to an enemy. 
General Stoneman, from East Tennessee, was also making 
a great raid with cavalry in South-western Virginia and the 
western part of North Carolina. 

127. General Sheridan, with near ten thousand troopers, 
bursting through the Shenandoah Valley, had fallen again 
upon the little army of Early, and captured most of it. 
Then he destroyed the canal west of Richmond, and tore 
up the railroads north of the city. Sweeping around 
easterly, he joined the Union army before Petersburg. 

128. Grant opened the final campaign on the 29th of 
March. On the morning of that day he set in motion 
strong columns of his army to pass around the end of the 
intrenchments south-west of Petersburg, so as to get to 
the enemy's rear. Fighting began on the same day, and 
on the 1st of April, Sheridan, in command of these flanking 
columns, thoroughly defeated part of Lee's army, at the 
cross-roads called Five Forks. 

129. Early in the next morning Grant made a general 
assault upon the whole line of intrenchments before Peters- 
burg, and carried it, driving the Confederates to their inner 
works. Jefferson Davis and his cabinet fled from Rich- 
mond. Lee's army abandoned the cities which they had 
so long and so bravely defended, and hurried westward, 
aiming to unite with Johnston's army in North Carolina. 

125. What is said of Mobile and its defences ? 

126. What is said of General Wilson's raid ? Of General Stoneman's ? 

127. Give an account of Sheridan's operations west and north of Richmond. 

128. When did Grant open the final campaign ? Describe the beginning of this 

campaign. What victory was gained April 1 ? 

129. What did Grant do the next morning ? What is said of Davis and his cabinet 

officers ? What of Lee's army ? 



208 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1865. 

130. On the following morning, April 3, the Union, 
troops occupied both Petersburg and Richmond. The 
Confederates were fiercely pursued. Sheridan hung upon 
their flank, and at length placed his columns squarely 
across their front, while overwhelming masses pressed 
upon their rear. Then, April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant 
near Appomat'tox Court-House. ^ 

131. As tidings of the capture of Richmond, and of 
Lee's surrender, spread through the north, the joy of the 
loyal people knew no bounds. But in a few days this 
feeling was suddenly changed to one of deep sorrow and 
indignation when the telegraph flashed over the land the 
intelligence that President Lincoln had been assassinated. 
This dreadful deed was done on the evening of April 14, 
while the president was in a theatre. A desperado, named 
John Wilkes Booth, stole up behind him, and shot him in 
the head. The president died the next morning. 

132. Booth was a southern partisan, and the head of a 
band of conspirators. The same night another of the band 
forced his way into the room of William H. Seward, the 
Secretary of State, then lying in bed, ill, and stabbed him, 
but not mortally. 

II. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1865-1869. PEACE. 
RECONSTRUCTION. 

1. Events of 1865, continued. — A few hours after the 
death of Lincoln, the vice-president, Andrew Johnson, took 
the oath of office as president. The assassin, Booth, after 
eluding pursuit for some days, was found hidden in a barn, 
and refusing to give himself up, was shot. Some of the 
other conspirators were hanged, and some were imprisoned. 

2.- The decisive victory in Virginia was soon followed 
by the surrender of all the remaining Confederate forces. 

130. When were Petersburg and Richmond occupied by Union troops ? Give an 

account of the pursuit and the surrender of Lee. 

131. How was the joy of the loyal people changed to the utmost porrow and in- 

dignation ? Give some particulars of the assassination and death of Lincoln. 

132. What is said of Booth ? Of the attempt to assassinate Seward ? 

1. Who became president after Lincoln's death ? Fate of Booth and his band 

of conspirators ? 

2. What is said of the surrender of all the remaining Confederate forces ? 



1865.] JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 20$ 

Johnston surrendered his army to Sherman. Davis, the 
ruler of the Confederacy, was stopped in his flight, in 
Georgia, by some of General Wilson's horsemen. He was 
carried to Fortress Monroe, and kept a long time as a 
prisoner, but finally was allowed to go at large. 

3. The war, which had lasted four years and a little 
over, was now ended. Its cost had been immense. On the 
Union side nearly three hundred thousand men perished — 
killed outright in battle or dying from wounds and disease. 
On the Confederate side probably as many perished. We 
hesitate to speak of the loss of money in connection with 
the loss of precious human life ; yet it is well for us to 
know that, when the war ended, the nation was in debt 
near three thousand million dollars, and that this was but 
part of the pecuniary cost of the war. 

4. While the struggle was going on, the government had 
to issue bonds, that is, writings binding it to pay money at a 
future time ; and these, to a vast amount, were bought by 
the people. United States notes, for larger or smaller sums, 
were also issued, and these circulated as money. Large 
sums were also obtained by various kinds of new taxes. 
Gold and silver coin ceased to be in general use, and 
brought a high premium. 

5. The saddest story of all the war is that which tells 
of the cruel treatment of Union prisoners in the south. 
We would not here describe, if we could, the terrible suf- 
ferings which the captives had to endure in Libby Prison, 
on Belle Isle (bel-ile'), and above all, in that great prison- 
pen at Andersonville, from heat, cold, hunger, from diseases 
which should have been prevented, and from outrages com- 
mitted by brutal guards. 

6. The contest being over, the national government had to 

2. What is said of the capture and imprisonment of Davis ? 

3. How long- had the war lasted ? How many men perished by the war ? How 

large a debt had the United States contracted ? 

4. What is said of United States bonds ? Of United States notes ? Taxes ? Gold 

and silver coin ? 

5. What statement is made concerning the treatment of Union soldiers taken 

prisoners? Where was Libby Prison ? Ans. In Richmond. Where is Belle 
Isle ? Ans. It is a small island in the James River, near Richmond. Ander- 
sonville ? (See Map, p. 185.) 

6. After the war was over, what important duty devolved upon the government .' 

14 



210 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1865. 

decide upon what terms the rebel states might be restored 
to their former relations in the Union. In a short time it 
became evident that there was a disagreement between 
President Johnson and a large majority of Congress as to 
the best policy to be followed in reconstructing these 
states. 

T. The president claimed that they should be allowed to 
have representatives in Congress, and be fully restored to 
their position as states of the republic as soon as they had 
complied with certain conditions. He required them to 
rescind their ordinances of secession, to declare the Con- 
federate war-debt void, and to vote for an amendment to 
the Constitution abolishing slavery in the United States. 
Such an amendment Congress had proposed early in 1865. 
Three fourths of all the states ratified it, and slaverv was 
declared abolished in December of the same year. 

8. Congress required more than all this, and especially 
that the freedmen — that is, the blacks who had lately 
been slaves — should not only be free, but should have 
civil rights conceded them, so that they might enjoy the 
same security of person and property as the whites. Con- 
gress proved strong enough to carry out its own plan of 
reconstruction in spite of the president's opposition. 

9. In March, 1865, Congress passed a bill for the relief 
of freedmen and loyal refugees. A department, known as 
the Preedmen's Bureau, with General Howard as its head, 
was organized under this law. Another act, passed not- 
withstanding the president's veto, enlarged the powers of 
the Bureau, which, during some years, watched over the 
freedmen, to give them protection and needful assistance. 

10. Tennessee was the first state to comply with the 
requirements of Congress, and resume her political stand- 
ing in the Union. On the 2d of March, 1867, Congress 

6. What disagreement arose ? 

7. What did the president claim as regards the rebel states ? What conditions 

did he require of these states ? How and when was slavery constitutional- 
ly abolished ? 

8. What did Congress require of the rebel states ? Which plan prevailed ? 

9. What can you tell of the Freedmen's Bureau ? 

10. What state was the first to comply with the requirements of Congress 1 
What act was passed March 2, 1867 ? 



1867] JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 211 

passed a Reconstruction Act over the president's veto. 
This act and others, also passed over the veto, prescribed 
the conditions on which the ten states, then not repre- 
sented in Congress, should be reconstructed, and made 
them subject to military authority till they complied with 
these conditions. In the following year seven of these 
states accepted the conditions, and were allowed to resume 
their political privileges. The three other states were re- 
admitted on the same terms, early in 1870. 

11. Another bill, known as the Tenure of Office Bill, 
was passed in March, 1867, notwithstanding the president's 
veto. The bill declared, in effect, that those persons who 
had been appointed to civil offices with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, could not be removed by the pres- 
ident without the Senate's permission. The president 
alone could not remove even a member of his cabinet. 

12. In the following summer, soon after Congress had 
adjourned, the president suspended from office Edwin M. 
Stanton, the Secretary of War, and directed General Grant 
to assume the duties of the department. Early in the 
next year, that is, in 1868, Congress reinstated Mr. Stan- 
ton, but the president soon afterwards issued an order 
removing him. This time, however, Mr. Stanton did not 
yield the place. 

13. This proceeding of President Johnson brought the 
long and bitter controversy between the executive and 
Congress to a crisis. The House of Representatives 
impeached the president of high crimes and misdemean- 
ors. Charges for violation "of the Tenure of Office Act, 
and for other offences, were made to the Senate, which 
body has the sole power to try impeachments. The pres- 
ident sent eminent counsel to manage his cause, and the 
trial began on the SO th of March. After several weeks, 
the senators gave their decision. The president was ac- 

10. What did this act, and others supplementary to it, effect? What more is 

said of the restoration of the states ? 

11. When was the Tenure of Office Bill passed, and what was its design? 

12. In the summer of 1867 what cabinet-officer was suspended by the president ? 

Relate what action was afterwards taken on Mr. Stanton's case. 

13. What is said about the impeachment of President Johnson ? His trial ? Ver- 

dict of the senate ? What vote is necessary to convict in impeachment.' 
Ans. A two thirds vote of the members present. 



212 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. [1869, 

quitted. Two-thirds of the members would not vote for his 
conviction. 

14. In the summer of 1866 a telegraphic cable, which 
is a kind of wire-rope, was laid across the Atlantic from 
Ireland to Newfoundland (nut! fund-land) . Since that time 
intelligence has been flashed through this cable along on 
the bed of the ocean from continent to continent. To 
Cyrus W. Field, of New York, it is chiefly owing that this 
great project was accomplished. 

15. Nebraska* was admitted as a state in 186? ; and 
in the same year the United States obtained a vast acces- 
sion of territory, by the purchase from Eussia (rush'i-ah) 
of the north-west part of the continent, for $1,200,000 in 
gold. This region, then known as Russian America, was 
named Alaska after it came into our possession. 

16. The presidential canvass of 1868 resulted in the 
election of the Republican candidates, General Grant, of 
Illinois, as president, and Schuyler Colfax (ski'ler Icol'fax), 
of Indiana, as vice-president. 

HI. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 1869-1877. 

1. The inauguration of Grant took place on the 4th of 
March, 1869. In May of that year a gigantic enterprise 
was successfully completed in our country. This was the 
construction of the Pacific Railroad from Omaha (o f ma- 
haw), on the Missouri River, to the Pacific coast. We can 
hardly estimate the great results which will come from 
opening this highway across the continent. 

2. In the summer of the same year another cable was 
laid beneath the waters of the Atlantic. This one stretches 
from France to America, and successfully carries telegraphic 
messages from one country to the other. 

* An Indian name, said to signify water-valley. 



14. When and how was telegraphic communication between Ireland and America 

effected ? To whom is the successful accomplishment of this project 
chiefly due ? 

15. When was Nebraska admitted as a state ? What is said of the purchase of 

\ltislvtl ' 

16. Who were elected president and vice-president in 1868 ? 

1. When was Grant inaugurated ? What can you state about the Pacific Railroad ■' 

2. What is said of the Atlantic cable which connects France and America ? 



1*7 



UN [TIB STATES m 1870 

' "WESTEL2S FAULT, 




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SuttOtXi'SttM Boston 



1870-72.] GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 213 

3. A few days before the end of Johnson's administra- 
tion Congress proposed the famous Fifteenth Amend- 
ment, which declares that the right of any citizen of our 
countiy to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account 
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Three 
fourths of the states having agreed to this, the amendment 
was declared, on the 30th of March, 1870, to be part of the 
Constitution. 

4. The month of October, 1871, is memorable to the citi- 
zens of Chicago for the great fire which destroyed half the 
city and burned out of house and home nearly one hundred 
thousand people. No other American city has ever been 
visited by so destructive a fire. A year and a month later 
the great fire in Boston burned down between seven and 
eight hundred buildings, many of them spacious warehouses, 
with a vast quantity of merchandise. 

The burnt districts of both cities were rebuilt with won- 
derful quickness, and the new buildings are much stronger 
and better than the old. 

5. During the civil war the Alabama and other English- 
built cruisers had done great injury to our commerce. As 
these vessels had been fitted out in British ports, our 
government claimed compensation from the English govern- 
ment for the losses the}" had inflicted. After much dis- 
cussion, a treat} 7 was made at Washington by which the 
Alabama claims were referred to five arbitrators.* This 
board of arbitration met at Geneva, Switzerland, and finally 
decided, in September, 1872, that Great Britain should pay 
fifteen and a half millions of dollars to the United States in 

• * One named by the President, one by the Queen, one by the King of Italy, one 
by the President of the Swiss Confederation, and one by the Emperor of Brazil. 



When did Congress propose the Fifteenth Amendment? What does this Amendment 

declare ? When was it declared part of the Constitution ? 
What can you tell about the Chicago fire? About the great fire in Boston? About 

the rebuilding of the burnt districts ? 
Tell what the Alabama and other English-built cruisers had done. What did our 

government do ? How were the Alabama claims finally settled ? 



214 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. [1872-76. 

settlement of the claims. The money was paid in accord- 
ance with this decision. 

6. When the time came to select the presidential candi- 
dates for 1872, General Grant was nominated by the repub- 
licans for re-election. Henrj' Wilson, of Massachusetts, was 
nominated for the vice-presidency. The republicans were 
successful. General Grant became president for a 
second term, and Henry "Wilson became vice-president. 

7. The year 1876 is known in the history of our country 
as the centennial year. The Republic was then a hun- 
dred years old. As a fitting celebration of this memorable 
year, an exposition, on a grand scale, of the products of 
the industry of all nations was held in Philadelphia, where a 
hundred years before the Declaration of Independence had 
been signed. The Centennial Exhibition, as it was 
called, was opened in Fairmount Park on the 10th of Ma}', 
and for six months was thronged by visitors. The main 
building covered twenty acres, and besides this immense 
structure about two hundred other buildings were erected 
for the purposes of the Exhibition. 

8. The results of the Exhibition were in the highest de- 
gree successful. It brought together from all parts of the 
country a far greater number of American people than were 
ever gathered on any other occasion ; and these millions 
of visitors could not fail to learn much of interest and 
importance from so vast a displa} r of the products of the 
industry and skill of all nations. 

9. Colorado was admitted as a state in 1876. This 
made the number of states in the Union thirty-eight. 

10. When the time for the election of president came 
around again in 1876, Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, 
of Ohio, was nominated b} 7 the republicans. Governor 

6. Who became president and who vice-president in 1873 ? 

7. When was the Centennial Year ? What preat celebration was held, and where ? What 

can you tell about the Centennial Exhibition ? 

8. What can you tell of the results of the Exhibition ? 

9. When did Colorado become a state ? 

10. What nominations for the presidency were made in 1876 ? 



1876.] GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 215 

Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, was nominated by the 
democrats. 

11. The canvass was closely contested, and the result 
of the election remained, for a long time, uncertain. Some 
of the electoral votes in three of the southern states (South 
Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida), and in Oregon, were 
claimed b} 7 both parties. 

12. Both sides declared themselves the victors, and each 
charged the other with unfairness, or worse — the repub- 
licans that the democrats had intimidated colored voters 
in the three southern states whose electoral votes were in 
dispute, the democrats that republican officials had 
fraudulently changed the election returns in those states. 

13. The successful candidate must have one hundred and 
eighty-five electoral votes. Tilden had one hundred and 
eighty-four which were undisputed. In the states whose 
votes were in dispute, certificates of electors for both Hayes 
and Tilden were sent to the Senate. 

14. The question was complicated, and as nothing of the 
kind had ever occurred before, there was no precedent to 
follow. Finally a way was found out of the difficult}-. 
Leading men of both political parties agreed upon a bill 
which was passed by Congress. It provided for a tribunal, 
known as the Electoral Commission,* which should 
decide who were the true electors from the states about 
which there was any dispute. 

15. The Commission met, and after a session continued 
for many days, all the questions were settled. The candi- 
dates of the republicans were declared elected, Ruther- 

* This Commission was composed of five members of the Senate, five members 
of the House of Representatives, and five of the Associate Justices of the Supreme 
Court. 



11. What can you teli about the canvass and the result of the election ? 

12. What did both the republicans and the democrats claim, and what charges were 

made? 

13. What is said about the electoral votes? What about the states whose electoral votes 

were claimed by both parties? 

14. What is said about the matter in dispute? Finally what plan was decided on? 

15. What did the Electoral Commission do? , 



216 HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. m [1877. 

ford B. Hayes, of Ohio, president, and William A. 
"Wheeler, of New York, vice-president. They were in- 
augurated March 5, 1877, the 4th being Sunday. 



IV. HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 1877 



1. The summer of 1878 was sadly marked in several of 
the southern states by the prevalence of the yellow fever. 
It broke out in New Orleans, and thence spread over a large 
part of the south-west. The people suffered terribly. Be- 
nevolent people of the north and west sent much money, and 
in other ways gave substantial aid to the sufferers. The 
hearts of the southern people were filled with gratitude for 
this kindness and S3 r mpathy. When cold weather came, 
the scourge ceased, but it had carried off twenty thousand 
persons. 

2. While the war was going on, and for several j^ears 
after its close, labor readily found employment. Land and 
merchandise — whatever men had to sell — were sold at a 
high price, and most business enterprises were prosperous. 

But this season of prosperity came to an end in the 
autumn of 1873. Then began a general prostration of 
business, which continued for several years. A consider- 
able shrinkage of values took place, followed by numerous 
failures in all kinds of business. Many who supposed them- 
selves rich, suddenly found themselves poor. Laboring 
men were thrown out of employment, and the hard times 
caused much distress among the poorer classes. It was not 
till the year 1879 that a change for the better could be 
clearly seen. 

3. During all these years, from the early part of the war 
till 1879, the circulating money had been government 

15. Who were declared elected ? When were Hayes and Wheeler inaugurated? 

1. What can you tell about the yellow fever in 1878 ? 

2. What can you toll about labor and business during the war and after ? About a 

prostration of business and the result ? When did a change for the better take 
place ? • 

3. What kind of money had circulated from the early part of the war till 1879 ? 



1877-79.] HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 217 

notes, called greenbacks, and bank-notes. Gold and silver 
were held at a premium, and did not circulate as money. 

Some thought an increased issue of this paper money 
would give renewed prosperity to business ; others thought 
the paper money should be made redeemable in coin. The 
latter opinion prevailed in Congress, which passed a bill 
known as the Resumption Act. This provided for the 
resumption of specie payments on the 1st of January, 1879. 
The provisions of the bill were carried out ; coin came into 
circulation once more, and the paper mone}' became as valua- 
ble as gold. 

4. One result of the prostration of business was the great 
railroad riots which occurred in July, 1877. These began 
bj' a strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at Martins- 
burg, in West Virginia. The immediate cause of the out- 
break was a reduction of wages. The strikers would not 
work themselves or let others work. 

5. The strike spread rapidly from road to road, and a 
horde of the idle and vicious joined the working-men. In 
Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Chicago, and in other cities fero- 
cious mobs gathered in the streets. In Pittsburgh, es- 
pecially, there were wild scenes of riot, and a vast deal of 
railroad property was destroyed and pillaged. 

6. The governors of several states called upon the presi- 
dent of the United States to aid in putting down the insur- 
rections, as it was found that the local troops or state militia 
could not alwa} r s be relied on. 

United States troops were dispatched to the places 
where serious outbreaks occurred, and the riots quickly 
came to an end. They lasted barely two weeks, but a vast 
amount of property was destroyed and man} r lives were lost. 



3. What is said of gold and silver? What opinions were held about money, and which 

prevailed in Congress? Tell what you can about the Resumption Act and the 
result. 

4. When did the railroad riots occur? Where did the strike first break out? 

5. What further can you tell of the strike ? What is said about mobs ? 

6. What aid was asked ? What is said about the United States troops ? 



218 HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 

7. The prompt and vigorous action of the president 
proved that our republican government is not weak 
or halting when it has to deal with popular violence and 
insurrection. 

8. Within a few years there have been many improve- 
ments in machinery, and other inventions which have 
added to the comfort of mankind. One of the most curious 
and wonderful of these has veiy lately come into use in our 
country. This is the telephone, an apparatus for repro- 
ducing sound. By the aid of electricity, articulate speech 
is transmitted, for long distances, with great distinctness. 



Our History here comes to an end. Looking back, we 
see from what feeble beginnings we have arisen, and how 
we have grown to giant strength. To-day we stand in the 
front rank of nations ; and when we consider the intelli- 
gence and energy of the people, the vast extent of our 
country, and the form of our government, we cannot but 
believe that the Great Republic, giving freedom and just 
laws to all, is destined to have a grander career than the 
world has ever witnessed. But we should not feel proud 
because of our strength and prosperity, which are derived 
in no inconsiderable degree from great natural advantages. 
Rather let us remember that the real glory of a nation 
comes not from riches or power, or lands of vast extent, 
but from the love of Right and Truth. 

7. What is said about the action of the president? 

8. What can you tell about the telephone ? 



THE GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 219 



THE GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES IN EXTENT 

OF TERRITORY. 

1. The boundaries of the United States, at the 
close of the Revolutionary "War, were established by 
the treaty of 1783, on the north and the east, essentially as at 
present ; on the west, the Mississippi River was made the 
boundary, and on the south, Florida,* which then extended 
west to the Mississippi, having parallel 31° as its northern 
limit. 

2. In the year 1803, Louisiana was purchased of France 
for fifteen millions of dollars. The Louisiana Purchase was 
a vast region extending west from the Mississippi River to 
the Spanish province of Mexico, and north to British 
America. The western and northern boundaries were in- 
definite.! Several large states and territories have been 
formed from this purchase. 

3. Oregon, a region of much greater extent than the 
present state, lying north from Mexico and west from the 
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, was for a long time claimed 
both by the United States and by Great Britain. J The 
present boundary line, the forty-ninth parallel, was agreed 
upon in 1847. 

4. In the year 1819 Spain sold Florida to the United 

* By this treaty Florida was conveyed by England to Spain. 

t The boundaries between Louisiana and the Spanish province of Mexico were 
not settled till 1821 Then it was agreed that the dividing line should follow the 
Sabine River from its mouth to the thirty-second parallel, thence a meridian to 
the Red River, that river to the one hundredth meridian west from Greenwich, 
that meridian to the Arkansas, that river to its source, thence north to the forty- 
second parallel, and that parallel to the Pacific. 

On the north, it was agreed in 1819, between Great Britain and the United 
States, that parallel forty-nine should be the boundary between the United 
States and British America from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. 

On the east, after a few years, the United States claimed Florida as far as the 
Perdido River, that being the eastern limit of the old French province of Louisiana. 
Just before the war of 1812 they took possession of their claim — being the part of 
Florida between the Pearl and Perdido rivers. 

t The United States claimed Oregon, from the exploration of its principal 
river, the Columbia, in 1792, by Captain Robert Gray, also from the expedition 
of Lewis and Clark, sent out by the president in 1804, also from the purchase of 
Louisiana. The English claimed the country from the operations of British fur- 
traders within the territory. 



220 THE GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 

States for five millions of dollars. The country was not 
given up by Spain till 1821, when the treaty was finally 
ratified. 

5. Texas, which had separated from Mexico, was an- 
nexed to the United States in 1847. 

6. A vast country, including California, and extending 
south to the river Gila and west to the Pacific, was acquired 
from Mexico by conquest and by treaty.* By the treaty 
in 1848 our government agreed to pay fifteen millions of 
dollars to Mexico, and to assume debts to the amount of 
more than three millions, due by that country to citizens 
of the United States. 

7. In 1853 the United States purchased of Mexico a 
region including the Mesilla Valley, south of the river Gila. 
This is sometimes called the Gadsden Purchase, from 
General James Gadsden, who negotiated the purchase for 
the United States. 

8. Russian America, afterwards called Alaska, was 
purchased from Russia for seven million two hundred 
thousand dollars, in the year 1867. 

9. Thus by purchase, annexation, and conquest, the area 
of our national domain has become four and one half 
times as much as at the close of the Revolutionary War 
— or an increase from 800,000 square miles in 1783 to 
3,600,000 in 1879. This vast expanse is nearly thirty 
times that of Great Britain and Ireland together, or very 
nearly eighteen times that of all France. 

* The boundary between the United States and Mexico was to be the Rio 
Grande from its mouth to New Mexico; thence to the river Gila; that river to its 
junction with the Colorado; thence in a straight line to the Pacific, at a point 
ten miles south of San Diego. 

See Map following this page. 



flp 






jp 



CHRONOLOGY. 221 



CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 

Note. — The figures in the paragraphs, and at the end of them, refer to the 
pages upon which the events are mentioned. 

1861—1879. 

Lincoln became president in 1861, 169. He entered upon a 
second term in 1865, but, April 14, was assassinated,' and 
Vice-President Johnson succeeded to the presidency, 208. 

During these administrations the most formidable rebellion 
known to history was subdued, and slavery in the United 
States was abolished by an amendment of the Constitution. 

1861. The rebels attacked Fort Sumter, and compelled Major Ander- 

son to evacuate it, April 14. The president called for troops, 
170. Jefferson Davis offered to commission privateers, and a 
blockade of the southern ports was established, 177. Four 
more slave states joined the Confederacy, 170. 

The Federals, in Virginia, were disastrously defeated at Bull 
Run (July 21), 173, and in the autumn at Ball's Bluff, 174. 
In West Virginia, General McClellan, in July, gained victo- 
ries over the Confederates at Rich Mountain and Carrick's 
Ford, and before the end of the year that region was nearly 
cleared of armed Confederates, 174, 175. 

In Kentucky, the Confederates, in September, seized and 
fortified Columbus, and the Union troops, under General 
Grant, then occupied Paducah, 176. 

In Missouri, Lyon captured a camp of disloyalists near St. 
Louis, in May, but lost the hard-fought battle of Wilson's 
Creek (August 10), 175. 

On the Atlantic coast the Federals captured the Confederate 
works at Hatteras Inlet (August 29), and those at Port Royal 
Entrance, November 7, 177. 

Mason and Slidell were taken from the British steamer 
Trent, 178. 

1862. The Federal government prohibited slavery in the territories, 

abolished it in the District of Columbia, and authorized the 
enlistment of colored troops, 192. 



222 CHRONOLOGY. 

1862. In the west, east of the Mississippi, the Federals gained a 
victory at Mill Spring (January 19) ; captured Fort Henry 
and Fort Donelson, and occupied Nashville, 179 ; were vic- 
torious, under General Grant, at Shiloh (April 6 and 7), and, 
under General Halleck, compelled the enemy to evacuate 
Corinth (May 29), 180. In the autumn, the Federals, under 
General Rosecrans, defeated the enemy at Iuka, 181, and at 
Corinth. The Confederates fell back after the battle of 
Perry ville (October 8), 181 ; and at Murfreesboro' they were 
beaten by General Rosecrans in a three days' battle, which 
began December 31, 182. 

West of the Mississippi, a Union victory was won at Pea Ridge 
(March 7 and 8), and nine months afterwards, another at 
Prairie Grove, 182. 

The Confederate posts on the Mississippi, as far as Vicksburg, 
successively yielded to the Federals, 183, and Admiral Far- 
ragut opened the river from its mouth to New Orleans (April 
25), of which city General Butler took military possession, 
186. 

On the Atlantic coast General Burnside and Commodore 
Goldsborough captured Roanoke Island, 186, and before the 
end of April nearly the whole coast of North Carolina was at 
the mercy of the Federals, who also had reduced Fort 
Pulaski. The Confederate ram Merrimack, after a day's 
havoc among the Union vessels in Hampton Roads (March 
8), was driven back to Norfolk by the Monitor, 187. 

In Virginia, the army of the Potomac, under McClellan, com- 
pelled the Confederates to evacuate Yorktown, beat them at 
Williamsburg, repulsed them near Fair Oaks and Seven 
Pines (May 31), 189. Meanwhile Stonewall Jackson drove 
the Federals from the Shenandoah Valley, and then joined 
General Lee before Richmond, 190. Lee then, in a seven 
days' campaign of almost constant fighting, raised the 
siege of the Confederate capital, pursuing McClellan to the 
James, where the latter repulsed the Confederates, with great 
loss, at Malvern Hill (July 1), 190. The Confederates next 
moved against the Army of Virginia, commanded by General 
Pope, and, after a series of conflicts, beginning at Cedar 
Mountain and ending at Chantilly (September 1), compelled 
Pope to fall back within the defences of Washington, 191. 
Lee next invaded Maryland. McClellan gained a victory 



CHRONOLOGY. 223 

1862. over him at South Mountain, and by the great battle of 
Antietam (September 17) forced the Confederates, who had 
meanwhile captured Harper's Ferry, back to Virginia, 191, 
192. Burnside superseded McClelian, and was badly defeated 
at Fredericksburg (December 13), 192. 

During the summer the Sioux War broke out. It was sup- 
pressed the next year, 192. 

1863. President Lincoln signalized the opening of the new year by 

issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, 193. 

In Virginia, General Hooker superseded Burnside, and was 
severely beaten at ChanceUorsville (May 2, 3) by Lee, who 
soon after set out for a second invasion of the loyal states. 
General Meade superseded Hooker, beat Lee in the great 
and decisive battle of Gettysburg (July 1, 2, 3), and pursued 
him into Virginia, 193. 

Vicksburg was surrendered to General Grant (July 4), and a 
few days later Port Hudson to General Banks, 195. 

The Federals, under Rosecrans, were defeated at the Chick- 
amauga (September 19 and 20), and besieged in Chat- 
tanooga. The siege was raised, and the enemy thoroughly 
defeated by Grant, in a three days' battle, beginning Novem- 
ber 23, 196. Soon after the Confederates were repulsed 
before Knoxville, by Burnside, 197. 

1864. Among the earlier events were the expedition to Meridian, 198, 

the Fort Pillow Massacre, the Red River expedition, 199, 
and a Federal defeat at Olustee, Florida. 
Grant was appointed to the chief command of the Union armies, 

199, and, crossing the Rapidan with the Army of the Potomac 
(May 4), met the enemy in bloody conflicts in the Wilder- 
ness, at Spottsylvania, the North Anna, and Cold Harbor, 

200. Then crossing the James (June 14), joined by Butler 
from Fortress Monroe, he laid siege to Petersburg and Rich- 
mond, 201. The Confederates made a third invasion of 
Maryland. They were soon obliged to retreat, but hovered 
near the Potomac till General Sheridan, in a brilliant cam- 
paign, ending in the victory of Cedar Creek (October 19), 
closed the war in the Shenandoah Valley, 202. 

In the west, General Sherman made his famous march to the 
sea. Setting out (May 6) from Chattanooga, he fought 
heavy battles, the severest being at Resaca, Dallas, and 



224 CHRONOLOGY. 

1864. Kenesaw Mountain, and captured Atlanta (September 2), 
203 ; then sweeping through Georgia to the sea, he carried 
Fort McAllister by assault, and took Savannah (December 
21), 204. Meanwhile the Confederates had been successful- 
ly resisted at Franklin, and disastrously routed at Nashville 
(December 15 and 16) by General Thomas, 204. 
In June the notorious privateer Alabama was sunk, 205. 
In August Admiral Farragut won a victory in Mobile Ray, 205. 

1865 Fort Fisher, North Carolina, was captured (January 15), 205. 
Sherman swept northward through South Carolina; drove 
the Confederates from Columbia ; compelled them to evac- 
uate Charleston ; then pressing forward into North Carolina, 
beat them at Averysboro' and at Bentonsville, and entered 
Goldsboro' (March 23), 206. 
Grant's army began the final campaign (March 29), gave the 
Confederates a crushing defeat at Five Forks, 207 ; captured 
Richmond and Petersburg, and compelled Lee to surrender 
(April 9), near Appomattox Court- House, 208. Mobile was 
taken, 207. Before the end of May all the Confederate 
armies had surrendered. 

1866. The Atlantic cable, from Ireland to Newfoundland, was laid, 

212. 

1867. The Reconstruction Act became a law, 211. 
Alaska was purchased from Russia, 212. 

1868. The House of Representatives having impeached President 

Johnson, his trial began (March 30), 211. 
1869. Grant became president, 212. 

The Pacific Railroad was completed, 212. 

1870. The Fifteenth Amendment was declared adopted. 213. 

1871. Half of Chicago was burned down (Oct. 8, 9, 10), 213. 

1876. The International Centennial Exhibition was held in Philadelphia 
(opened May 10, closed Nov. 10), 214. 
Colorado became a state, 214. 
1877. Hayes became president (March 5), 216. 
1879. Specie payments were resumed (Jan. 1), 217. 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS. 



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AREAS, SETTLEMENT, AND ADMISSION OP THE STATES. 



States. 


Areas. 


When, where, and 


BY WHOM 


Admit 


Sq. Miles. 


Settled. 




ted. 


Virginia,* . . . 


38,352 


1607 


Jamestown, . . 


English, . 


m 


New York, . . . 


47,000 


1614 


New York, . . 


Dutch, . . 


1 


Massachusetts, . 


7,800 


1620 


Plymouth, . . 


English, . 




New Hampshire, . 


9,280 


1623 


Portsmouth, 


English, . 


W* 


Connecticut, . . 


4>75<> 


1633 


Windsor, . . 


English, . 


at 

a 


Maryland,* . . 


11,124 


1634 


St. Marj 's, . . 


English, . 


'So 


Rhode Island, 


1,306 


1636 


Providence, . . 


English, . 


O 


Delaware,* . . 


2,120 


1638 


Wilmington, 


Swedes, . 


g 


North Carolina,* 


5o>7o4 




Albemarle Sd., 


English, . 




New Jersey, . . 


8,320 


1664 


Elizabeth, . . 


English, . 


a 


South Carolina,* 


34,000 


1670 


Ashley River, . 


English, . 


H 


Pennsylvania, 


46,000 


1682 


Philadelphia, . 


English, . 




Georgia,* . . . 


58,000 


1733 


Savannah, . . 


English, . 


H 


Vermont, . . 




10,212 


1724 


Brattleboro', 


English, . 


1791 


Kentucky,* 




37,680 


1774 


Harrodsburg, . 


English, . 


1792 


Tennessee,* , 




45,600 


1768 


Watauga River, 


English, . 


1796 


Ohio, . . , 




39>9 6 4 


1788 


Marietta, . . . 


Americans, 


1802 


Louisiana,* 




4**34 6 


1700 




French, 


1812 


Indiana, 




33,809 




Vincennes, . . 


French, 


1816 


Mississippi,* . 




47>i56 


1699 


Biloxi, . . . 


French, . 


1817 


Illinois, . . , 




55»4io 


1693 


Kaskaskia, . . 


French, 


1818 


Alabama,* 




50,722 


1702 


Mobile Bay, 


French, 


1819 


Maine, . . 




35*ooo 






English, . 


1820 


Missouri,* 




65*35o 


1755 


St. Genevieve, . 


French, 


1821 


Arkansas,* 




52,189 


1685 


Arkansas Post, . 


French, 


1836 


Michigan, . 




56,45i 


1701 


Detroit, . . . 


French, 


1837 


Florida,* . . 




59,268 


1565 


St. Augustine, . 


Spaniards, 


1845 


Texas,* . . 




274*356 


1715 




Spaniards, 


1845 


Iowa, . . , 




55*o45 


1833 


Dubuque, . . . 


French, 


1846 


Wisconsin, 




53*9 2 4 


1745 


Green Bay, . . 


French, 


1848 


California, . . 




188,981 


1769 


San Diego, . . 


Spaniards, 


1850 


Minnesota, 




83*53i 


1838 


St. Paul, . . . 


Americans, 


1858 


Oregon, . . . 




95*274 


1811 


Astoria, • . . 


Americans, 


1859 


Kansas, . . . 




81,318 








1861 


West Virginia 




23,000 








1863 


Nevada, . . 




112,090 








1864 


Nebraska, . 




75*995 








1867 


Colorado, . 




104,500 








1876 


Disk of Columbia, 


60 








.. ; 



The Territories have an area of about 938,000 square miles. Alaska 
has an area of 577,390 square miles. 



* Slaveholding in 1861. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



In Congress, July 4, 1776. 

A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of 
America, in Congress assembled. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which 
have connected them with another, and to assume, among 
the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, 
a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that 
they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident : — That all men 
are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator 
with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, 
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure 
these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriv- 
ing their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, 
whenever any form of government becomes destructive of 
these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish 
it, and to institute a new government, laying its founda- 
tion on such principles, and organizing its powers in such 
form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety 
and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that gov- 
ernments long established should not be changed for light 
and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath 
shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils 
are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long 
train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
same object, evinces a design to reduce them under 
1 (i) 



2 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to 
throw off such government, and to provide new guards foi 
their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance 
of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which 
constrains them to alter their former systems of govern- 
ment. The history of the present King of Great Britain 
is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having 
in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny 
over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted 
to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome 
and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of im- 
mediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in 
their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and when 
so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommoda- 
tion of large districts of people, unless those people would 
relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature — 
a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places un- 
usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of 
their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them 
into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for 
opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights 
of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions > 
to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative 
powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the peo- 
ple at large for their exercise, the State remaining, in the 
mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from 
without and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
States ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for natural- 
ization of foreigners, refusing to pass others to encourage 
their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
appropriations of lands. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 3 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by re- 
fusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the 
tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of 
their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out 
their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing 
armies, without the consent of our Legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, 
and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdic- 
tion foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by 
our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended le- 
gislation, — 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment 
for any murders which they should commit on the inhabit- 
ants of these States : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial 
by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre- 
tended offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh- 
boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary govern- 
ment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at 
once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most 
valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of 
our governments : 

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring 
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all 
cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out 
of his protection, and waging war against us. 



£ DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned 
our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries, to complete the works of death, desolation, 
and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty 
and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on 
the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to 
become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or 
to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and 
has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers 
the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare 
is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned 
for redress in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 
tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
prince whose character is thus marked by every act which 
may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
attempts by their Legislature to extend an unwarrantable 
jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the cir- 
cumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We 
have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, 
and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common 
kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would in- 
evitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and con- 
sanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the neces- 
sity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we 
hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States 
of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to 
the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our 
intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 5 

people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That 
these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free 
and Independent States; that they are absolved from 
all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political 
connection between them and the State of Great Britain 
is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and 
independent States, they have full power to levy war, con- 
clude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to 
do all other acts and things which independent States may 
of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with 
a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we 
mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and 
our sacred honor. 

The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, 
engrossed, and signed by the following members : — 



New Hampshire. 

Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 



JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Jersey. 

Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 



Massachusetts Bat. Abraham Clark. 



Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island, &c. 

Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut. 

Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New York. 

William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



Pennsylvania. 

Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware. 

Caesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 

Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 



Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carroll, 
of Carrollton. 

Virginia. 

George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, Jr.| 
Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PREAMBLE. 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- 
quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the 
general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
selves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 
SECTION I. 

All Legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a 
Senate and House of Representatives. 

SECTION II. 

1st clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- 
posed of members chosen every second year, by the people 
of the several States ; and the electors in each State shall 
have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most 
numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

2d clause. *No person shall be a Representative who 
shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and 
been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in 
which he shall be chosen. 

Preamble. — Who ordained and established our Constitution, and for what 
purposes ? What is a Constitution ? Ans. A body of linos icliich constitute the 
basis or foundation for a form of government. What are the three great depart- 
ments of government ? (See p. 114.) 

Article I. — Sec. I. Of what does the first article of the Constitution treat? 
Ans. Of the legislative department. In what body are the legislative powers 
vested ? Of what does Congress consist ? 

Skc. II. — 1st clause. By whom and how often are representatives chosen? 
Qualifications of electors of representatives ? 

24 clause. How old at least must a representative be? How long must he have beel 

citizen of the United States, and of what state must he be an inhabitant f 

(6) 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 7 

Bd clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ar> 
portioned among the several States which may be included 
within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to service for a term 
of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of 
all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made 
within three years after the first meeting of the Congress 
of the United States, and within every subsequent term of 
ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. 
The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for 
every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one 
Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, 
the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 
m three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New 
Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; Mary- 
land, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South 
Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. 

4:th clause. When vacancies happen in the representa- 
tion from any State, the executive authority thereof shall 
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

5th clause. The House of Representatives shall choose 
their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

SECTION in. 

1st clause. The Senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the 

3d clause. How are representatives and direct taxes to be apportioned among 
the states ? W hat are taxes ? Ans. Sums of money exacted by government. How 
may all taxes be divided ? Ans. Into direct and indirect. What is a direct tax ? 
Ans. A tax laid directly on the person or on property, as a poll-tax or a tax 
on land. What is an indirect tax? Ans. A tax laid on articles of consump- 
tion or expenditure. Duties, imposts, <fc, are indirect taxes. How is the rep- 
resentative population of a state to be determined ? Who are referred to in the 
phrase, " three fifths of all other persons " ? Ans. Slaves. When was the first 
enumeration or census to be made, and how often thereafter ? In what year was 
the first census taken ? Ans. In 1790. What limit was put to the apportionment 
of representatives ? What representation at least shall each state have ? 

4th clause. How are vacancies in the representation of a state to be filled ? 

5th clause. By whom are the speaker and other officers of the house chosen 1 
What do you understand by the speaker of the house ? Ans. The presiding 
officer. What body has the sole power of impeachment ? What is impeachment ? 
Ans. An accusation charging a civil officer with official misconduct. 

Sec. III. — 1st clause. How many national senators does each state have ? How 



8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Legislature thereof, for six years ; and each Senator shall 
have one vote. 

2d clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
in consequence of the first' election, they shall be divided, 
as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the 
Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration 
of the second year ; of the second class, at the expiration 
of the fourth year ; and of the third class, at the expiration 
of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every 
second year ; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or 
otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, 
the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments 
until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then 
fill such vacancies. 

3d clause. No person shall be a Senator who shall not m 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years 
a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall 
be chosen. 

Aik clause. The Vice-President of the United States 
shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, 
unless they be equally divided. 

5th clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, 
and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the 
Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of 
President of the United States. 

6th clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try 
all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they 
shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the 

are the senators chosen, and for how many years ? Each senator has how many 
votes ? Have the large states more senators than the small states ? 

2d clause. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided ? How 
Ion? did the senators of the first class hold their offices ? Of the second class ? 
Of the third class ? By this plan, what part of the senate is chosen every second 
year ? Can you tell any advantage of this plan over the plan of electing all the 
senators at one time ? When may the governor of a state fill a vacancy in the 
senate ? How long do such appointments continue? 

M clause. How old at least must a senator be ? How long must he have been 
a citizen of the United States, and of what state an inhabitant ? 

4th clause. Who is president of the senate ? What vote has he ? 

5th clause. How are other officers of the senate chosen ? What is a president 
pro tem'po-re ? Ans. A president for the time being. 

6th clause. What sole power has the senate ? What conditions are required 
•f the senate when sitting as a court of impeachment ? What is an affirmation i 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 9 

United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside ; and 
no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of 
two thirds of the members present. 

1th clause. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not 
extend further than to removal from office, and disqualifica- 
tion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, 
under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, 
nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, 
judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

SECTION IV. 

1st clause. The times, places, and manner of holding 
elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be pre- 
scribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the 
Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such 
regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

2d clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once 
in every year ; and such meeting shall be on the first 
Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a 
different day. section v. 

1st clause. Each House shall be the judge of the elec- 
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members ; and 
a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; 
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 
members, in such manner and under such penalties as each 
House may provide. 

2d clause. Each House may determine the rules of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 

Ans. A solemn declaration made by those who conscientiously decline talting an 
oath 1 Who presides when the president of the United States is impeached i 
How large a part of the senate is necessary for conviction ? 

7th clause. In case of impeachment, how far may judgment extend ? To what 
is the convicted party further liable? 

Sec. IV. — 1st clause. What does the legislature of each state prescribe as re- 
gards elections for senators and representatives ? But what power is reserved to 
Congress ? 

2d clause. How often shall Congress assemble ? When ? 

Sec. V.— \st clause. Of what is each house the judge? What constitutes a 
quorum ? Meaning of quorum ? Ans. Such a number as is sufficient to do busi- 
ness. What may a smaller number do ? 

2d clause. What power has each house as to rules of its proceedings, and the 
punishment for disorderly conduct ? 



10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

3d clause. Each House shall keep a journal of its pro- 
ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, except- 
ing such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; 
and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, 
on any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

4th clause. Neither House, during the session of Congress, 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more 
than three days, nor to any other place than that in which 
the two Houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION VI. 

1st clause. The Senators and Representatives shall re- 
ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained 
by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. 
They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach 
of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attend- 
ance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going 
to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or 
debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any 
other place. 

2d clause. No Senator or Representative shall, during 
the tinie for which he was elected, be appointed to any 
civil office, under the authority of the United States, which 
shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
have been increased, during such time ; and no person 
holding any office under the United States shall be a mem- 
ber of either House during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VII. 

1st clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate 

Zd clause. What is required of each house in respect to keeping and publishing 
a journal ? When are the yeas and nays to be entered on the journal ? 

4th clause. What regulation is there as to adjournment? 

Sec. VI. — 1st clause. What is said of the payment of members of Congress for 
their services ? What is the present compensation of a member ? Ans. Five 
thousand dollars a year, with twenty cents for every mile of travel by the most 
usually travelled post route to and from the national capital. In what cases and 
when are members privileged from arrest ? For what are they not to be questioned ? 

2d clause. What restriction is placed upon members as regards civil offices ? 
Can a person holding any office under the United States be at the same time a 
member of either house ? 

Sec. VII. — 1st clause. In which house must bills for raising revenue originate I 
What is the senate allowed to do ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 

in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may pro- 
pose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. 

2d clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it become a 
law, be presented to the President of the United States. If 
he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, 
with his objections, to that House in which it shall have 
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such re- 
consideration, two thirds of that House shall agree to pass 
the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to 
the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; 
and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become 
a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both Houses 
shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of 
the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill 
shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to 
him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had 
signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment pre- 
vent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3d clause. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the 
concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives 
may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), 
shall be presented to the President of the United States ; 
and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by 
him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 
two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the 
case of a bill. 

2d clause. After a bill has passed both houses, what shall be done with it ? 
What shall the president do with it ? What is the returning of a bill with the 
president's objections called ? Ans. A veto. Meaning of the word veto ? Ans. 
I forbid. Object of the veto ? To enable the president to check the passage of 
improper laws. After the president has vetoed a bill, how may it become a law ? 
How may a bill which has been neither signed by the president nor vetoed becomt 
a law ? 

3d clause. What must be done before any order, resolution, or vote requiring 
the concurrence of both houses can take effect? How may an order, resolution, 
or vote be passed over the veto ? On a question of adjournment has the president 
the veto power ? 



12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

SECTION VIII. 

The Congress shall have power — 

1st clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and 
excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common 
defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all 
duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
the United States : 

2d clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States : 

3c? clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes : 

4:th clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 
and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies through- 
out the United States : 

5th clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures : 

6th clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeit- 
ing the securities and current coin of the United States : 

*lth clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads : 

8th clause. To promote the progress of science and use- 
ful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and in- 
ventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings 
and discoveries : 

Sec. VIII. — 1st clause. What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, 
imposts, and excises ? What are duties ? Ans. Taxes on articles imported or 
exported. What are imposts ? Ans. Taxes laid on imported goods. What are 
excises ? Ans. Taxes on commodities made or produced within the country. 
What are to be uniform ? 

2d clause. What power has Congress as to borrowing money ? 

3d clause. As to regulating commerce ? 

4th clause. As to naturalization and bankruptcies ? Meaning of naturalization ? 
Ans. The act by which an alien becomes a citizen of the United States. How long 
does the law require an alien to live in our country before he can become a citizen 
of the United States ? Ans. At least five years. 

5th clause. What power has Congress in regard to coining money, &c. ? 
Where is the mint of the United States situated ? Ans. At Philadelphia. 

6th clause. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting 1 

7th clause. In regard to post-offices and post-roads ? 

Hth clause. What power has Congress to promote the progress of science and 
useful arts ? How long is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive right of 
publishing it ? Ans. Tioenty-eight years, with the privilege of a renewal of the 
copyright for fourteen years longer. What is a patent ? Ans. A document, 
issued by government, granting to the applicant the exclusive right to an invention 
or discovery. How long does a patent hold good ? Ans. Fourteen years ; and 
at tlie end of that period the commissioner of patents may extend the patent for 
seven years longer. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 

9th clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
Court : 

10th clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and offences against the law 
of nations : 

11th clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and 
water : 

12th clause. To raise and support armies ; but no appro- 
priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than 
two years : 

13th clause. To provide and maintain a navy : 

14:th clause. To make rules for the government and reg- 
ulation of the land and naval forces : 

15th clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to ex- 
ecute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and 
repel invasions : 

l&h clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them 
as may be employed in the service of the United States, 
reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the 
officers, and the authority of training the militia according 
to the discipline prescribed by Congress : 

11th clause. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases 
whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the 
acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government 
of the United States ; and to exercise like authority over all 

9th clause. What power has Congress in regard to tribunals ? 

10th clause. In regard to piracies, &c. ? 

11th clause. In regard to declaring war, &c. ? What are "letters of marqne and repri- 
sal " ? An& Commissions granted by the government to particular citizens, authorising 
them to seize the ships, goods, dbc., of a hostile nation, on the high seas. 

\2th clause. What power has Congress in regard to armies ? 

Kth clause. In regard to a navy ? 

Uth clause. In regard to the land and naval forces ? 

15th clause. In regard to calling forth the militia ? 

16th clause. In regard to the militia, &c. ? What powers, however, are reserved 
to the states ? 

17th clause. What power has Congress as regards legislation over the seat of 
the national government, and all places purchased for the erection of forts, &c. ? 
What district became the seat of the national government ? Ans. The District 
of Columbia — a tract of land originally ten miles square, lying on both sides of 
the Potomac, and ceded to the government by Maryland and Virginia. In 1846 



14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of tha 
State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, 
magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful build- 
ings : and 

ISth clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, 
and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the 
government of the United States, or in any department or 
officer thereof. 

SECTION IX. 

1st clause. The migration or importation of such per- 
sons as any of the States now existing shall think proper 
to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to 
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax 
or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceed- 
ing ten dollars for each person. 

2d clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or 
invasion, the public safety may require it. 

Bd clause. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall 
be passed. 

4zth clause. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration 
hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

the part of this District on the Virginia side of the Potomac was ceded back to that 
state. Before the national government can purchase property within a state, 
whose consent must be obtained ? 

18th clause. What general powers are, by the 18th clause, conferred upon Con- 
gress ? 

Skc. IX. — 1st clause. What restriction as regards the migration or importation 
of certain persons was placed on Congress ? Who were the persons spoken of in 
this clause ? Ans. Slaves. What duty might be imposed on such importation ? 
Did Congress afterwards forbid the importation of slaves into the United States ? 
Ans. In 1807 a law was enacted forbidding the importation of slaves after tlie 1st 
of January, 1808. 

2d clause. What is said of the writ of habeas corpus ? Meaning of habeas 
corpus ? Ans. You may have the body. What is a writ of habeas corpus ? Ans. 
A writ commanding the body of the person, in whose favor it is issued, to be 
brought before a court or judge. The object of the writ is to set at liberty any 
person wlio is illegally confined. 

3d clause. What is said of a bill of attainder, or ex post facto law r What is 
a bill of attainder ? Ans. In the sense of the Constitution, it is a special act of 
the legislature inflicting punishment upon a person without trial or conviction %n 
the ordinary course. What is an ex poRt facto law? Ans. A lata which makes 
an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable when committed. 

Wi clause. How are capitation tixes or other direct taxes to be laid ? What is 
a capitation tax ? Ans. A direct tax laid upon each individual ; a poll-tax. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 

5lh clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- 
ported from any State. 

6th clause. No preference shall be given, by any regula- 
tion of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over 
those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one 
State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

1th clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury 
but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a 
regular statement and account of the receipts and ex- 
penditures of all public money shall be published from 
time to time. 

Sth clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or. 
trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any 
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. 

SECTION x. 

1st clause. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; 
coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold 
and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill 
of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga- 
*tion of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 

2d clause. No State shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its 
inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and im- 
posts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for 

bth clause. What is said of duties on articles exported from any state ? 

iith clause. What commercial preference shall not be given ? What is said of 
vessels bound to one state from another? 

7th clause. What restriction is placed upon the drawing 1 of money from the 
treasury ? What statement and account shall be published from time to time ? 

Sth clause. Can the United States grant any title of nobility ? What are office- 
holders forbidden to accept ? 

S eg. X.— lst clause. What can you say of the power of any state as to making a 
treaty, &c.? As to letters of marque and reprisal? As to coining money ? As 
to bills of credit ? What are bills of credit ? Asrs. In the sense of the Constitu- 
tion they are bills issued by a state, on the mere faith and credit of the state, and 
designed to circulate as money. What can you say of the power of a state as to a 
legal tender ? As to a bill of attainder, &c. ? As to a title of nobility ? 

2d clause. What prohibition is there as to imposts and duties ? What ar« 
Inspection laws ? Ans. Laws under which certain articles of trade are inspected 



16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the useof the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws 
shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 
3d clause. No State shall, without the consent of Con- 
gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of waf 
in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, 
unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
not admit of delay. 

SECTION I. 

1st clause. The Executive power shall be vested in a 
President of the United States of America. He shall hold 
his office during the term of four years, and, together with 
the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as 
follows : 

2d clause. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as 
the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors 
equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives 
to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no 
Senator or Representative, or person holding any office of 
trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed 
an Elector. 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT.* 

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, 
and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one 
of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots 

* The 3d clause has been superseded by the Twelfth Amendment, which was 
proposed in 1803, and declared adopted in 1804. 

by officers appointed/or that purpose. What is said of the net produce of all duties 
and imposts laid by' a state ? What power has Congress over inspection laws ? 

3d clause. What is said of the power of a state relative to a duty of tonnage ? 
What is a tonnage duty ? Ans. A tax on vessels at a certain rate each ton. What 
is said of the power of a state as to keeping troops or war-vessels ? As regards 
an agreement with another state, or a foreign power ? As regards making war I 

Article H. — Sec. I. \st clause. Of what does the second article of the Con- 
stitution treat ? Ans. Of the executive department. In whom is the executive 
power vested ? What is the length of a presidential term ? 

2d clause. State how presidential electors are appointed, and what number each 
state is entitled to. Who are excluded from being electors ? 

Twelfth Amendment. — Where do the electors meet? How is the vote 
taken ? What provision prevents the president and vice-president from being 
Inhabitants of the same state ? How do the electors proceed to vote ? What 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 

the person voted for as President, and in distinct bal- 
lots the person voted for as Vice-President ; and they 
shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Pres- 
ident, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and 
of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the President of 
the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in presence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the per- 
son having the greatest number of votes for President 
shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have 
such majority, then from the persons having the highest 
numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted 
for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose 
immediately, by ballot, the President. But, in choosing 
the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the rep- 
resentation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for 
this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States 
shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Rep- 
resentatives shall not choose a President, whenever the 
right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth 
day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall 
act as President, as in the case of the death or other consti- 
tutional disability of the President. ■ The person having the 
greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the 
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have a 
majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list 
the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for 
the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole num- 

else are they required to do ? Before whom are the votes counted ? What por- 
tion of the electoral votes is required for an election : What course is pursued, 
provided there is no choice by the electors ? When the duty of choosing- the 
president devolves on the house of representatives, how is an equal voice given 
to each state? For the purpose of choosing a president, what constitutes a quo- 
rum ? What is necessary to a choice ? In case no choice is made before the 4th 
of March following, who is to act as president ? How is the vice-president 
chosen ? How is he chosen in case of not receiving a majority of the electoral 

2 



X8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ber of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall 
be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally 
ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that 
of Vice-President of the United States. 



Mh clause. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall 
give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout 
the United States. 

5th clause. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or 
a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption 
of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of Presi- 
dent ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who 
shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and 
been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

6th clause. In case of the removal of the President from 
office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 
the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- 
volve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may, by 
law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or 
inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declar- 
ing what officer shall then act as President ; and such officer 
shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a 
President shall be elected. 

1th clause. The President shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation, which shall neither be 
increased nor diminished during the period for which he 

votes? Can a person who is ineligible to the office of president become vice- 
©resident ^ 

4th clause. What power has Congress as to the time of choosing the electors 
and the day on which they shall vote ? Do the electors cast their votes on the 
same day throughout the United States ? When are the electors chosen ? Ans. 
On the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the last November of a presiden- 
tial term. On what day do the electors cast their votes ? Ans. On the first 
Wednesday in December following their election. 

5th clause. What qualifications are required of a president? Can an alien De- 
come president of the United States ? 

6th clause. In what cases does the vice-president act as president ? W hat pro- 
vision has been made in case of vacancies in the offices of both president ana 
vice-president ? Ans. The president of the senate pro tempore, and in case there 
is no president of the senate, then the speaker of the house of representatives, shall 
act as president. How long shall such officer act ? 

1th clause. What is said about the president's compensation ? What is the sal- 
ary of the president ? Ans. $50,000 a year, together with the use of the presiden- 
tial mansion and Us furniture. Of the vice-president ? Ans. $8,000 a year. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 

shall have been elected ; and he shall not receive within 
that period any other emolument from the United States, 
or any of them. 

Sth clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of President of the United States, and 
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend 
the Constitution of the United States. ;; 

SECTION II. 

1st clause. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief 
of the army and navy of the United States, and of the 
militia of the several States when called into the actual 
service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, 
in writing", of the principal officer in each of the executive 
departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of 
their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant 
reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, 
except in cases of impeachment. 

2d clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two 
thirds of the Senators present concur ; and he shall nom- 
inate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
ate shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and 
consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers 
of the United States, whose appointments are not herein 
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by 
law ; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment 

8th clause. What is the president's oath ? 

Skc. II. — \st clause. What power has the president in relation to the army, 
navy, and militia ? Whose opinion may the president require in writing-, and 
upon what subjects? What executive departments have been created by Con- 
gress to aid the president ? Ans. Seven — Department of State, of the Treasury, 
of War, of the Navy, of the Interior {the heads of these being called Secretaries), 
the Post-office Department, at the head of which is the postmaster general, and the 
Department of Justice, at the head of which is the attorney general. How is the 
chief officer in each of these departments appointed ? Ans. By the president, ivith 
the approval of the senate. What do these officers constitute ? Ans. The presi- 
dent' s cabinet . What is the salary of a cabinet officer ? Ans. $8000 a year. In 
what cases can the president grant reprieves and pardons ? 

2d clause. What power has the president in respect to treaties ? In whom is 
the appointing power vested ? What officers shall the president nominate and 
appoint ? What may Congress do in reference to inferior officers ? 



20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the Pres- 
ident alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of de- 
partments. 

3d clause. The President shall have power to fill up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Sen- 
ate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the 
end of their next session. 

SECTION III. 

He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress infor- 
mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con- 
vene both Houses, or either of them, and, in case of dis- 
agreement between them with respect to the time of 
adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he 
shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other 
public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faith- 
fully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

SECTION IV. 

The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of 
the United States, shall be removed from office on im- 
peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other 
high crimes and misdemeanors. 

article m. 

SECTION I. 

The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the 
Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. 

Bd clause. What vacancies can the president fill .' When do such appoint- 
ments expire ? 

Sec. III. — Duties of the president in respect to Congress ? In what manner 
is it customary for the president to recommend measures ? Ans. By written 
messages. When may the president convene Congress ? When adjourn it I His 
duty in respect to public ministers ? the execution of the laws ? the granting of 
commissions ? 

Sec. IV. — Under what circumstances shall civil officers of the' United States 
be removed ? 

Article III. — Sec. I. Of what does the third article of the Constitution 
treat.' Ans. Of the judicial department. In what is the judicial power of 
the United States vested? How long shall the judges hold their offices.' 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 

The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall 
hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation which shall 
not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

1st clause. The Judicial power shall extend to all cases 
in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws 
of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambas- 
sadors, other, public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of 
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to 
which the United States shall be a party ; to controver- 
sies between two or more States ; between a State and 
citizens of another State ; between citizens of different 
States ; between citizens of the same State claiming 
lands under grants of different States ; and between a 
State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, 
or subjects. 

2d clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
lic ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall 
be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdic- 
tion. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme 
Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and 
fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as 
the Congress shall make. 

3d clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of 
impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be hold 
in the State where the said crimes shall have been commit- 

What is said of their compensation ? Of what is the supreme court composed ? 
Ans. Of one chief justice and eight associate justices, any six of whom constitute 
a quorum. Salaries of the justices? Ans. The chief justice receives $10,500 a 
year ; each associate justice $10,000 a year. 

Sec. II. — 1st clause. State the. first of the nine subjects to which the judicial 
power of the United States extends ; the second; the third; the fourth; the fifth; 
the sixth; the seventh; the eighth; the ninth. What is the meaning 1 of admi- 
ralty and maritime jurisdiction? Ans. Jurisdiction of affairs which have to do 
toilh the sea. Can a suit be brought against a state by citizens of another state ? 
Ans. It cannot. See Amendment, Art. XI. 

2d clause. In what cases has the supreme court original jurisdiction? In all 
other cases, what jurisdiction ? What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? Ans. 
Jurisdiction in cases first brought in an inferior court and then carried up. 

3d clause. How are impeachments tried r (See p. 8, 6th clause.) How all other 
crimes ? Where shall the trial be held ? 



22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ted ; but when not committed within any State, the trial 
shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by 
law have directed. 

SECTION III. 

1st clause. Treason against the United States shall con- 
sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to 
their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person 
shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. 

2d clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the 
punishment of treason ; but no attainder of treason shall 
work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the 
life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 
SECTION I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every 
other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, 
prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and 
proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

SECTION II. 

1st clause. The citizens of each State shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several 
States. 

2d clause. A person charged in any State with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 



Sec. III. — 1st clause. In what does treason against the United States consist? 
What testimony is requisite to a conviction of treason ? 

2d clause. What restriction is there upon the power of Congress to punish trea- 
son? Meaning of attainder? Ans. Stain, taint. What is meant hy "corrup- 
tion of blood " ? Ans. Taint of blood, which disables a person from inheriting 
any estate or transmitting it to others. 

Article IV. — Skc. I. How are the public acts, records, and judicial proceed- 
ings of each state to be treated ? What is said about the manner of proving them, 
and their effect ? 

Sec. II. — 1st clause. What is said of the privileges of the citizens of one state 
in other states ? 

2d clause. What is said of a person who is charged with crime in one state and 
flees into another ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 

found in another State, shall, on demand of the Executive 
authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, 
to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

3d clause. No person held to service or labor in one 
State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
in consequence ' of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 
charged from such service or labor ; but shall be delivered 
up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor 
may be due. 

SECTION III. 

1st clause. New States may be admitted by the Congress 
into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or 
erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor 
any State be formed by the junction of two or more 
States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Le- 
gislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Con- 
gress. 

2d clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, 
and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the 
territory or other property belonging to the United States ; 
and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as 
to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any 
particular State. 

SECTION IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect 
each of them against invasion ; and on application of the 
Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature 
cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

3d clause. What is said of persons held to service or labor who flee from One 
state into another ? What persons are here referred to ? Ans. Fugitive slaves 
and apprentices. 

Sec. III. — 1st clause. What body has the power to admit new states ? How 
is the power restricted ? How many states have been admitted since the adop- 
tion of the Constitution ? (See Table, p. 226.) 

2d clause. What power has Congress over the national territory or other 
property ? How is this power restricted ? 

Sec. IV. — What shall the United States guarantee to each state ? What 
power and duties result from this provision? 



24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses 
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this 
Constitution ; or, on the application of the Legislatures of 
two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for 
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid 
to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, 
when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the 
several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, 
as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro- 
posed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment 
which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight 
hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and 
fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and 
that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its 
equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE "7L 

1st clause. All debts contracted and engagements en- 
tered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall 
be as valid against the United States under this Constitu- 
tion, as under the Confederation. 

2d clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; 
and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any- 
thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the con- 
trary notwithstanding. 

Bd clause. The Senators and Representatives before men- 
tioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, 



Article V. — How may amendments to the Constitution be proposed ? What 
is .required before amendments become part of the Constitution ? Can any state 
be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate ? 

Article VI.— 1st clause. What is said of certain debts and engagements ? 

2d clause. What constitutes the supreme law of the land ? Who are specially 
mentioned as being bound thereby ? 

M clatise. Who are required to be bound by oath or affirmation to support tn« 
Constitution ? What is said of religious tests ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 

and all Executive and Judicial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or 
affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious 
test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office 
or public trust under the United States. 

article vn. 

The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall 
be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution 
between the States so ratifying the same. 



AMENDMENTS. 

THE FIRST TEN AMENDMENTS. — 1791. 

Article I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an 
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise 
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the 
press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and 
to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 

Article II. — A well-regulated militia being necessary to 
the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep 
and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

Article III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- 
tered in any house, without the consent of the owner ; nor 
in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

Article VII. — What number of states was required for carrying the Constitu- 
tion into operation? How many ratified it before it went into effect? (Seep. 
1 13.) What two states ratified it afterwards ? When ? 

What is the character of the first ten amendments? Ans. They are general 
restrictions upon the powers of Congress, their objects being to secure the rights 
of the people and to preserve the Federal system. When were they proposed, and 
when declared adopted ? Ans. They were proposed in 1789, in the first session of 
the first Congress, and were declared adopted in 1791. 

Article I. — What restrictions are laid upon Congress in respect to religion ? 
What is said of the freedom of speech or of the press ? Of the right to petition 
the government ? 

Article II Have the people the right to keep and bear arms? 

Article III. — What is said of quartering soldiers ? 



26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Article IV. — The right of the people to be secure in 
their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreason- 
able searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no 
warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported 
by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place 
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

Article V. — No person shall be held to answer for a 
capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a present- 
ment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising 
in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any 
person be subject for the same offence to- be twice put in 
jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled, in any 
criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be 
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process 
of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
without just compensation. 

Article VI. — In all criminal prosecutions the accused 
shall enjoy. the right to a speedy and public trial, by an 
impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime 
shall have been committed, which district shall have been 
previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the 
nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with 
the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process 
for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the as- 
sistance of counsel for his defence. 

Article VII. ~ — In suits at common law, where the value 
in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of 

Article IV. — What is said of searches and seizures ? What of the issuing of 
warrants ? 

Article V. — What is said about holding a person to answer for crimes ? What 
is meant by a grand jury ? Ans. A jury of not less than twelve men, nor general- 
ly more than twenty-three, whose duty it is to examine into accusations and decide 
whether there is sufficient evidence of guili *o require the accused to be put on trial. 
What is meant by capital crimes ? Ans. Crimes the punishment of which is 
death. What is said of a second trial for tht. same offence ? What is meant by 
this provision ? Ans. That a person cannot be tried a second time for the same 
offence in case he has been once legally acquitted or convicted. Can a criminal be 
compelled to be a witness against himself? What important provision is there 
as to life, liberty, and property ? Can private property be taken for public use ? 

Article "VX — What right shall a person accused of crime enjoy as to time 
and kind of trial ? By whom shall he be tried ? Of what shall he be informed i 
What is said of witnesses against him ? Of witnesses for him, and of counsel ? 

Article VII. — In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? 
What is said of the reexamination of a fact tried by a jury ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 

trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury 
shall be otherwise reexamined, in any court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

Article VIII. — Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- 
ments inflicted. 

Article IX. — The enumeration in the Constitution of 
certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
others retained by the people. 

Article X. — The powers not delegated to the United 
States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the 
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the 
people- 

THE ELEVENTH AMENDMENT. — 1798. 

Article XI. — The judicial power of the United States 
ehall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 
equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or sub- 
jects of any foreign State. 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT.— 1804. (Seep. 16.) 
THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT. — 1865. 

Article XIII. — Section 1. Neither slavery nor involun- 
tary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof 
the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within 
the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT. — 1868. 

Article XIV. — Section I. All persons born or naturalized 
in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction there- 
Article V I IT . — What is said of bail, fines, and punishments ? 
Article IX. — What is said of rights retained by the people ? 
Article X. — What is said of powers not delegated to the United States ? 
Article XI. — Can a suit be brought against a state by citizens of another 
state or by subjects of a foreign power ? 
Article XIU. — Srcc. I. What is said of slavery or involuntary servitude.- 
Article XTV. — Sec. I. Who are citizens of the United States? What ia 
said about a state's abridging the privileges of citizens ? What other restric- 
tions are laid upon states for the sake of protecting persons and property .' 



28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of, are citizens of the United States aDd of the State wherein 
they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which 
shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the 
United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of 
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor 
deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- 
tection of the laws. 

Section II. Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several States according to their respective numbers, 
counting the whole number of persons in each State, exclud- 
ing Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any 
election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- 
President of the United States, Representatives in Con- 
gress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the 
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the 
male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of 
age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other 
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced 
in the proportion which the number of such male citizens 
shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one 
years of age in such State. 

Section III. No person shall be a Senator or Representa- 
tive in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, 
or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, 
or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath 
as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United 
States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an 
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the 
Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in 
insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or 
comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a 
vote of two thirds of each House, remove such disability. 



Sec. II. — How shall representatives be apportioned among the several states ? 
Before this amendment took effect what was the law ? (See p. 7, M clause.) 
For what cause shall the basis of representation of a state be reduced, and in 
what way? 

Sec. III. — What persons are prohibited from holding any national or state 
office ? But how may this disability be removed ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 

Section IV. The validity of the public debt of the United 
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for 
payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppress- 
ing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But 
neither the United States nor any State shall assume or 
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for 
the loss or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, 
obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Section V. Congress shall have power to enforce, by 
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT. — 1870. 

Article XV. — Section I. The right of citizens of the 
United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 
the United States, or by any State, on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section II. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

Sec. IV. — What declaration is made regarding the validity of the national 
debt? What debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void? Is 
the national government or any state allowed to pay any such debts or claims? 

Article XV. — Sec. I. Recite the fifteenth amendment. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAOl 

1. Give some account of the discovery and colonization of Ice- 
land and Greenland by the Northmen. . . . .6 

2. What is said of voyages made to the southern coast of New 
England by the Northmen ? . . . . . .6 

PERIOD I. DISCOVERIES. 

1. Give some account of Columbus, and his voyages. . 9, 10 

2. Of the discovery and naming of the Pacific Ocean. . 10, 11 

3. Give some account of the discovery of Florida, and the at- 
tempt of the discoverer to colonize it. . . 11, 12 

4. Of the expedition of De Soto. . . . .12 

5. Of the founding of the first European town in the United 
States. . . . . . . . .13 

6. Give an account of the earliest exploring voyages made to 
America by the French. . . . . 13, 14 

7. Give some particulars of two attempts made by the Hugue- 
nots to plant colonies in our country. . . . .14 

8. Relate what you can concerning the first permanent French 
settlement in America. . . . . . .15 

9. Concerning the voyages of the Cabots. . • .15 

10. Concerning the voyage of Francis Drake. . . .15 

11. Give an account of Raleigh's attempts to plant colonies in 
America. . . . . . . • .Hi 

12. Give an account of territorial grants made by King James I., 
and state what was done by the companies receiving the grants. . 17 

13. State what was the foundation of the English claim to ter- 
ritory in America. . . . . . . 15, 18 

14. Of the Spanish claim.' . . .9, 11, 12, 13, 18 

15. Of the French claim. . . . .14, 18, 54 

16. Of the Dutch claim. . . . . .41 

17. Give a brief description of the aborigines, and name some 

of the principal groups or families. . . . .18, 20, 21 

PERIOD II. SETTLEMENTS AND INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 

1. Give some account of the settlement of Virginia. . . 23 

2. Of the first legislative assembly in America. . . 25 

3. How and when was negro slavery introduced into the English 
colonies? . . . . . . . .26 

4. What attempt was made to enslave the Indians a hundred 
rears before ? . . . . . • .19 

(31) 



&2 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

5. Relate some particulars of Bacon's Rebellion. . 27 

6. State what you can of Captain John Smith. 24, 25, 28, 29 

7. Give the history of the Plymouth Colony. . . 29, 30 

8. State what you can of the founding of the oldest towns by 
the colonists of Massachusetts Bay. . . . .31 

9. What is said of the persecution of the Quakers ? . . 33 

10. Of the early history of education in the Colony of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay? . . . . . . .33 

11. State what you can of the Confederacy of the New England 
Colonies. . . . . . . . .33 

12 . Give an account of King Philip's War. . . .34 

13. What war occurred in Virginia about the same time ? . 27 

14. When were the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies 
united, and who was the first governor under the new charter ? . 35 

15. Give some particulars of a strange delusion which prevailed 

in Massachusetts at this time. . . . . 35 

16. Give an account of the settlement of New Hampshire. . 36 

17. State some other events in the history of New Hampshire. 37 

18. Relate what you can of the Connecticut Colony. . 37, 38 

19. Of the Saybrook Colony. . . .. ' . .38 

20. Give an account of the Pequot War. . . .38 

21. Of the founding of the New Haven Colony. . .39 

22. What is "said of a charter granted by Charles II. ? . . 39 

23. Give an account of the founding of the Providence and 
Rhode Island Colonies. . • . . . .40 

24. What is said of two charters granted to the settlers ? . 41 

25. Give an account of the settlement of New York. . 41,42 

26. What can you tell of Stuyvesant's administration, and of 
the conquest of the country by the English ? . . 42, 43 

27. Give some account of the first settlements in New Jersey, 
and of the beginning of colonization. . . . .45 

28. What is said of East and West Jersey? . . .45 

29. Give an account of the settlement of Delaware. . .46 

30. Relate its subsequent history till the Revolution. . 46, 47 

31. Give some particulars relating to the settlement of Mary- 

13. II CI* • a • • • • • • m *ki 

32. What is said of the contests between the Protestants and 
Roman Catholics in Maryland? . . . . .48 

33. What is said concerning the grant of Pennsylvania to Penn ? 49 

34. What is said of the treaty made with the Indians, and of 
the founding of Philadelphia? . . . . .50 

35. Give some further account of Penn and his province. 50, 51 

36. Give an account of the settlement of North Carolina. . 51 

37. Of the settlement of South Carolina. . . 51, 52 

38. What more can you tell of the early history of North and 
South Carolina? ...... 52, 53 

39. Give the early history of Georgia. . . . 53, 54 

40. State when, where, and by whom each of the thirteen col- 
onies was settled, naming them in the order of their settlement. 23-54 

41. Give an account of French explorations in America. . 54 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 33 

42. What is said of the domain of the French in America ; of 
Iheir settlements, and chain of posts ? . . . .55 

43. Name five events which occurred in 1682. . 45, 47, 49, 50, 54 

44. Stt.te the cause of King William's War, and give the princi- 
pal events of the war in America. . . • . .68 

45. When did King William's War begin, and how long did it 
tast ? . . . • • • • • .58 

46. Give the principal events, in America, of Queen Anne's War. 59 

47. When did Queen Anne's War begin, and how long did it last ? 59 

48. What was this war called in Europe? Ans. It was called 
the War of the Spanish Succession, — the French monarch, in 
violation of a treaty with England, having placed his grandson on 
the throne of Spain. 

49. Give an account of King George's War in America. 60, 61 
60. What was King George's War called in Europe ? Ans. 

The War of the Austrian Succession, from its having chiefly origi- 
nated in disputes regarding the succession to the throne of Austria. 
51. State the cause of the French and Indian War. . . 61 

62. What was this war called in Europe? . . .61 

53. Relate what was done by Washington in 1753 and 1754. 62, 63 

54. Give an account of Braddock's defeat in 1755. . . 63 

55. What can you tell of other events in this year ? . 63, 64 

56. What successes were gained by the Marquis de Montcalm in 
1756 and 1757? . . . . . .64,65 

57. Give some account of three expeditions sent out by the 
English in 1758. . . . . . . 65, 66 

58. Of the capture of Niagara, Ticonderoga, and Crown Point. 67 

59. Of Wolfe's expedition, and the battle on the Plains of 
Abraham. ....... 67, 68 

60. When was peace made, and what were the provisions of 
the treaty ? . . . . . . . .68 

61. Name, with the dates of their beginning, the wars in which 

I he English and French colonists were engaged. . 68,59,60,61 

62. Give an account of the Navigation Acts. . . .71 

PERIOD III. THE REVOLUTION. 

1. What was the cause of the Revolutionary War? . . 76 

2. Give an account of the Stamp Act, with date of its passage. 76, 77 

3. What principle as regards taxation did the colonists maintain ? 76 

4. Give an account of the Colonial Congress. . . .76 

5. By what measures did Parliament again excite indignation 

In the colonies ? . . . • • • .77 

6. What is said of the duty on tea? . . . .78 

7. Of tea sent to America, and the result? . . 78,79 

8. In what way did Parliament punish the Bostonians for throw- 
ing the tea into the harbor? . . . . .79 

9. What is said of the first Continental Congress ? . .79 

10. Give an account of what took place April 19, 1775. 82, 83 

11. When and where did the second Continental Congress 
meet, and what did it do ? . . • . • 8* 



84 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

12. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill. , . 84 

13. Describe the invasion of Canada. . . . .81 

14. How and when were the British compelled to evacuate 
Boston ? . . . , . . .86 

15- Give an account of the British expedition sent against 
Charleston, South Carolina. . . . . .87 

16. Give an account of the adoption of the Declaration of 
Independence. . . . . . • .87 

17. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. • . 88 

18. Of events to December 25 of this year. . v . 89 

19. Give an account of Washington's successes at Trenton and 
Princeton. . . . . . . . .90 

20. Mention some of the foreigners who served as officers in 
the American army. . . . . . . .91 

21. Give an account of operations, including a battle, which 
resulted in the capture of Philadelphia by the British. . . 92 

22. Give an account of the battle which followed. . .92 

23. Where did Washington's army go into winter quarters, and 
what was its condition ? . . . . . .93 

24. Give an account of Burgoyne's advance from Canada to 
the Hudson. . . . . . . . .93 

25. Of the battle of Bennington. . . . .94 

26. Of operations in the Mohawk Valley. . • .94 

27. Of two battles fought near Saratoga, and of the surrender of 
Burgoyne. . . . . . . . .95 

28. What event, which produced great joy in America, resulted 
from Burgoyne's surrender ? . . . . .96 

29. Give an account of the battle of Monmouth, • 96,97 

30. What is said of Indian massacres ? . . • .97 

31. How were the Indians afterwards chastised ? . . 100 

32. Give an account of the capture of Savannah by the British. 98 

33. Of an attempt to retake the place. . . . .99 

34. What naval victory was gained this year? . . . 100 

35. What successes were gained in South Carolina by Clin- 
ton ? ....... 100, 101 

36. Give an account of the battle of Sanders's Creek. . . 101 

37. Give an account of the battle of King's Mountain. • . 102 

38. What is said of American finances ? . . . 102 

39. Give an account of the arrival of a French fleet and army. 102 

40. Give an account of the treason of Arnold. . . 102, 103 

41. Give an account of the operations of the southern army 
under General Greene. .... 102, 104, 105 

42. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown and the sur- 
render of Cornwallis. ..... 106, 107 

43. When was the final treaty signed ? . . . . 107 

44. What were the boundaries of the United States? . 107, 108 

45. Give the dates of the following events — the passage of the 
Stamp Act ; the battle of Lexington ; the adoption of the Declara- 
tion of Independence ; the surrender of Burgoyne ; the surrender 

of Cornwallis. .... 76,82,87,95,107 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 3fl 

46. State some of the reasons which led to the adoption of the 
Federal Constitution. ..... 108, 109 

47. Give some account of the Constitutional Convention. . 109 

48. Write a brief account of Benj. Franklin. 70, 77, 96, 107, 109 

49. When did the new government go into operation ? . 109 

50. Give an account of the North-west Territory. . • 110 

PERIOD IV. NATIONAL GROWTH. 

1. Give an account of an Indian war in Washington's admin- 
istration. . . . •■ • • • .115 

2. Of an insurrection. ...... 116 

3. Of two treaties. . . . . • . • 117 

4. Of a difficulty with France in Adams's administration. . 118 
6. Name four memorable events of Jefferson's first term, and 

give particulars of the Louisiana purchase. . . 119,120 

6. State what you can of English "Orders in Council" and 
French " Decrees," and of the " right of search." . . .121 

7. Relate what you can of the affair of the Chesapeake and 
the Leopard. . . . • • • .121, 122 

8. Name the principal causes which led to The Second War with 
Great Britain. . . . • • 121, 123 

9. When was war declared, and who was president ? . . 123 

10. Give an account of Hull's campaign. . . 123, 126 

11. Relate what occurred at Queenstown. . . . 126 

12. What is said of the naval contests of 1812? . . 126, 127 

13. Give an account of Perry's victory. .... 128 

14. Of Harrison's invasion of Canada. . . • 128, 129 

15. Relate what occurred at York and on the Niagara frontier 

in 1813 • .129,130 

16. Tell what you can of the expedition against Montreal. . 130 

17. Of the action between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. . 131 

18. Of two battles on the Niagara frontier in 1814. . . 132 

19. Of the land and naval battles at Plattsburg. . . 133 
20 What is said of the expeditions against Washington and 

Baltimore ? . . • • • • • 133, 134 

21. Give an account of the expedition against New Orleans, 
and of Jackson's great victory. . . . • 135, 136 

22. When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? . . 136 

23. What is said of the war with Algiers? . . . 137 

24. State what you can about the Missouri Compromise. 138, 158 

25. Give some account of the purchase of Florida. . . 139 

26. State what you know about the " Monroe doctrine." . 139 

27. Give some of the leading features of John Quincy Adams's 
administration. ...... 139, 140 

28. Give particulars of the South Carolina ordinance of nul- 
lification. ....... 141 

29 State what you can about the U. S. Bank. . 137, 141, 142 

30. Give an account of the Florida War. . . 142, 143 

31. Give an account of three important events in Van Buren's 
administration ...... 143, 144 



86 REVIEW QUES1I0NS. 

32. What caused the war with Mexico, and what is said of a 
dispute as to boundaries ? . . . . . 14fl 

33. Give some account of two battles fought by General Taylor 
east of the Rio Grande. ...... 148 

34. Of Taylor's other military operations during 1846. . . 150 

35. Of the battle of Buena Vista. . . . 150, 151 

36. What is said of the conquest of New Mexico? . . 151 

37. Of the conquest of California ? 152 

38. Give some particulars of the capture of Vera Cruz and the 
battle of °erro Gordo. . . . . . 152, 153 

39. Wnat can you tell of Scott's march towards the city of 
Mexico. ........ 153 

40. Give an account of battles fought near the city. . 153, 154 

41. What is said of the capture of the city of Mexico ? . . 154 

42. Give some particulars of the treaty with Mexico. . . 154 

43. Give a brief account of questions which came up in refer- 
ence to slavery. ...... 155, 156 

44. Of the Compromise Measures of 1850. . . . 157 

45. What two leading statesmen died in 1852? . . 157 

46. What can you relate concerning the Kansas-Nebraska Bill ? 158 

47. Give some account of the struggle in Kansas. . 158, 159 

48. Give some account of the slavery question. 

26, 71, 110, 117, 138, 145, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164 

49. Give an account of the presidential contest of 1860. . 161 

50. Of secession and the organization of the Southern Con- 
federacy. ........ 161 

51. What is said of Forts Sumter and Pickens ? .161, 162 

52. Of the government at Washington during this crisis ? . 162 

PERIOD V. THE GREAT REBELLION. 

1. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Sumter. . 169, 170 

2. Name three events which occurred April 19. . 82, 108, 170 

3. How many and what states formed the Southern Con- 
federacy? 161, 170 

4. What slave states did not join the Confederacy? . .170 

5. Give what particulars you can of the battle of Bull Run. . 173 

6. Give an account of events in West Virginia. . . 174 

7. Of events in Missouri till Lyon's death. . . . 175 

8. Of affairs in Kentucky in 1861. . . . 176, 177 

9. Relate what you can of two expeditions which gained foot- 
holds on the southern coast in 1861. .... 177 

10. What is said of the national navy and of Confederate 
privateers? ....... 177, 178 

11. What can you say of the action of the British and the 
French governments, and of the Trent affair? . . . 178 

12. Describe the position of the opposirg forces in Kentucky 
and Tennessee at the beginning of 1862. .... 179 

13. Give an account of the capture of Forts Henry and Donel- 
•oii. .... . . • 179 



KEVIEW QUESTIONS. S7 

14. Wha*t were some of the consequences of the Capture of 
Fort Donelson? ....... 179 

15. Relate what you can of the battle of Shiloh. . . 180 

16. Of the taking of Corinth. . . . . .180 

17. Of Bragg's invasion of Tennessee and Kentucky. . . 181 

18. Give some account of two victories won by Eosecrans while 
Bragg was engaged in his expedition. . . . 181, 182 

19. Give the date, occasion, and result of the battle of Mur- 
freesboro'. ........ 182 

20. Give an account of two battles fought in Arkansas in 1862. 182 

21. Of the opening of the Mississippi from Columbus to Vicks- 
burg. ......... 183 

22. Give the date of the surrender of Island No. 10, and state 
what great battle was won on the same day. . . 180, 183 

23. Give the particulars in relation to the capture of New 
Orleans. ........ 186 

24. In relation to the capture of Roanoke Island. . . 186 

25. Relate what you can about the Merrimack and the 
Monitor. ....... 187, 188 

26. State two important events which occurred March 8, 
1862. ....... 182, 187 

27. Give an account of McClellan's Peninsular campaign till 
May 31 188, 189 

28. Relate what occurred on the last day of May and the first 
3ay of June, 1862. . . . . . . .189 

29. Give an account of " Stonewall " Jackson's campaign in 
the Shenandoah Valley. ...... 190 

30. Of the " seven days before Richmond." . . 190, 191 

31. State what command was given to General Pope. . . 191 

32. Give an account of the series of contests between Lee and 
Pope. ........ 191 

33. Of operations of Lee and McClellan in Maryland, including 

fche capture of Harper's Ferry and the battle of Antietam. 191, 192 

34. Of subsequent movements of the Army of the Potomac 
under McClellan and Burnside. ..... 192 

35. What is said of the Emancipation Proclamation? . . 193 

36. Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville. . . 193 

37. Of the movements of the hostile armies afterwards till 
Hooker was superseded by Meade. ..... 193 

38. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg. . 193, 194 

39. Relate particulars of the capture of Vicksburg. . 194, 195 

40. What other attempts had been made to take Vicksburg ? 183, 186 

41. Consequences of the fall of Vicksburg ? . . . 195 

42. Give some account of Rosecrans's campaign, including the 
battle of Chickamauga. ..... 195, 196 

43. Of the siege and battle of Chattanooga. . . . 196 

44. What can you tell of Bttfnside in East Tennessee ? . 196 

45. Give some account of Federal operations against Fort 
Sumter and Charleston. ..... 197, 198 

46. When did the power of the Rebellion begin to wane ? . 198 



38 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

47. What events occurred in Mississippi and Florida in 
February, 1864? . . . * . . 198, 199 

48. What is said of Forrest and Fort Pillow? . . 198,199 

49. Give an account of the Red River expedition. . . 199 

50. Give an account of Grant's campaign to the James. . 200 

51. Of the siege of Petersburg and Richmond. . . . 201 

52. Of Early's invasion of Maryland. .... 202 
63. Of Early's defeats by Sheridan. . . . .202 

54. Give an account of Sherman's march to Atlanta. . . 203 

55. Of the siege and capture of Atlanta. . . . 203 

56. Of Hood's invasion of Tennessee and his defeat by Thomas. 204 

57. Give some particulars of Sherman's march from Atlanta to 

(he sea. ........ 204 

58. Of Farragut's exploits in Mobile Bay. . . . 205 

59. Of the career and fate of the Alabama. . * . 205 

60. What can you tell of the capture of Fort Fisher and 
Wilmington? ....... 205 

61. Relate particulars of Sherman's march from Savannah to 
Goldsboro'. . 206 

62. Give an account of some military operations just before 
and during Grant's final campaign. ..... 207 

63. Give some particulars of the final campaign, including the 
battle of Five Forks, the capture of Petersburg and Richmond, 
and Lee's surrender. . . . . . 207, 208 

64. When was President Lincoln assassinated, and who suc- 
ceeded him as President? ...... 208 

65 . What is said of the surrender of the Confederate forces ? 208, 209 

66. What can you say of the cost of the war ? . . . 209 

67. Give some account of the disagreement between President 
Johnson and Congress. ...... 210 

68. Of the Tenure of Office Bill, and the impeachment and 
trial of President Johnson. ..... 211,212 

69. What can you tell of the purchase of Alaska? . . 212 

70. Name the Presidents of the United States in their order. 
(See Table, 225.) 

71. What Presidents died in office? . . 144,157,208 

72. Name the Thirteen Original States. (See Table, 226.) 

73. How many states were in the Union at the beginning of 
Washington's administration? . . . . .113 

74. What states of the Original Thirteen joined the Union after 
the government went into operation? . . . .113 

75. How many states were in the Union at the beginning of 
Grant'? administration? (See Table, 226.) 



INDEX OF PERSONS. 



■■(?) &*(£)< and awn(g), indicating, in this list, French nasals, are uttered ai 
spelled, except that the sounds stop before the sound of ng is formed. 



Abercrombie, James (ab'er-krum-M), 

born 1706, died 1781. 66. 
Adams, John, born 1735, died 1826. 77, 

107, 109, 117, 119, 139. 
Adams, John Quincy , born 1767, died 

1848. 139, 140. 
Adams, Samuel, born 1722, died 1803. 

77. 
Allen, Ethan. 83. 
Amherst, Sir Jeffrey (am'erst). 65, 

67, 68. 
Amidas, Philip (am'i-das). 16. 
Ampudia, Pedro de (ahm-poo'de-ah, 

pa'dro da). 150. 
Anderson, Bobert. 161, 170. 
Andre, John (an'dra), born 1751, died 

1780. 103. 
Andros, Sir Edmund. 35, 39, 41, 44. 
Arista, Mariano (ah-rees'tah, mah-re- 

ah'no). 148. 
Arnold, Benedict, born 1740, died 180L 

83, 85, 94, 95, 102, 103, 105, 106. 
Ashe, John (ash). 98. 
Ayllon, Vasquez de (ile-yone', vahs'- 

kethda). 12. 

Bacon. Nathaniel. 27. 

Bailey, Joseph. 199. 

Bainbridge, William, born 1774, died 

1833. 120, 127. 
Baker, Edward D. 174. 
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de (bahl-bo'ah, 

vahs'ko noon'yeth da). 10. 
Baltimore. See Calvert. 
Banks, Nathaniel P. 190, 191, 195, 198. 
Barclay, B. H. 128. 
Barlow, Arthur. 16. [94. 

Baum, Friedrich (bowm, free'drik). 



Beaurega-d, Peter Q. T. (bo're-gard). 

169, 173, 180. 
Behring, Vitus (beer'ing vi'tus). 69. 
Bellamont, Bichard, Earl of. 44. 
Benton, Thomas H., born 1782, died 

1858. 142. 
Berkeley, John, Lord (berk'll). 45. 
Berkeley, Sir William. 27. 
Bienville, Lemoyne (be-an(g)*T'«l' l 

le-moin'). 55. 
Black Hawk. 140. 
Bonaparte, Napoleon, born 1769, died 

1821. 119, 121, 133. 
Booth, John Wilkes. 208. 
Braddock, Edward, born about 1715, 

died 1755. 63. 
Bradford, William. 30. 
Bradstreet, John. 66. 
Bragg, Braxton. 180, 181, 195, 196, 197. 
Brewster, William (broo'ster), bora 

1560, died 1644. 30. 
Brock, Sir Isaac. 126. 
Brooke, Bobert, Lord (brdbk). 37, 38. 
Brown, Jacob, born 1775, died 1828. 

130, 132. 
Brown, John, born 1800, died 1859. 160. 
Buchanan, James (buk-an'an), born 

1791, died 1868. 159, 162. 
Buell, Don Carlos. 179, 180, isi. 
Burgoyne, John (bur-goin'). 84, 93, 

94,95. 
Burke, Sir Edmund, born 1729, died 

1797. 77. 
Burnside, Ambrose E. 186, 192, 193, 

196, 197. 
Burr, Aaron, born 1756, died 1836. 120 
Butler, Benj. P. 171, 177, 186, 195, 201. 
Butler, John. 97. 



hate, pdle, hat, tfin, tin, good, noon, owl, thru, chop, matter. 

39 



40 



INDEX OF PERSONS. 



Cabot, John (kab'ut). 15, 18, 42. 
Cabot, Sebastian. 15, 18, 42. 
Calhoun, John C. (kal-hoon')» born 

1782, died 1850. 141, 156. 
Calvert, Sir George, 1st Lord Balti- 
more, born about 1582, died 1632. 47. 
Calvert, Sir Cecil (se'sil), 2d Lord 

Baltimore. 47,48,50. 
Calvert, Sir Charles, 3d Lord Balti- 
more. 49. 
Calvert, Leonard (len'ard). 47. 
Campbell, Archibald (kam'bel). 08. 
Canby, Edward B. S. 207. 
Canonicus (ka-non'e-kus). 30, 40. 
Carteret, Philip (kar'ter-et). 45. 
Carteret, Sir George. 45. 
Cartier, James (kar-te-a'). 14. 
Carver, John. 30. 
Champlain, Samuel de (sham-plane', 

eam'u-el de), born 1567, died 1635. 

15, 54. 
Charles I., King, died 1619. 31, 47. 
Charles II., King, died 1685. 34, 39, 41, 

42, 45, 51. 
Chauncey, Isaac (chahn'sl). 129. 
Clarendon, Edward, Earl of. 51. 
Clay, Henry, born 1777, died 1852. 141, 

156, 157. 
Clayborne, "William (kla'burn). 48. 
Clinton, Sir Henry. 84,87,88,95,96, 

97, 99, 100, 101, 106. 
Cockburn, Sir George (ko'burn). 130, 

131. 
Colfax, Schuyler (kol'fax.ski'ler). 212. 
Coligny, Gaspard de (ko-leen'ye, 

gahs-par' de), born 1517, died 1572. 14. 
Columbus, Christopher, born, some 

suppose, about 1435, others, about 1447, 

died 1506. 9,10. 
Cornwallis, Charles, Lord (korn- 

wol'lis). 89, 90, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107. 
Coronado, Vasquez de (ko-ro-nah'do, 

vahs'keth da). 13. 
Cortes, Hernando (kor'tSz). 11. 
Croghan, George (kro'gan). 128. 
Curtis, Samuel B>. 182. 

i)ade, Francis L. 142. 

Dahlgren, John A. (dal'gren), born 

1809, died 1870. 197. 
Dare, Virginia. 16. 



Davenport, John. 39. 

Davis, Charles H. 183. 

Davis, Jefferson. 161, 177, 207. 809. 

Dearborn, Henry (deer'burn), bora 

1751, died 1829. 123, 127, 129, 130. 
Decatur, Stephen (de-ka'tur), born 

1779, died 1820. 120, 127, 137. 
DeGrasse, Count (degras'). 106,107 
De Kalb, Baron (da kalb). 91, 101. 
Delaware, Lord, died 1618. 25. 
De Monts (de mawn(g)'). 15. 
De Soto, Fernando (da so'to), bore 

1500, died 1542. 12, 13. 
De Rochambeau (de ro-shon(g)-bo'). 

102, 106. 
D'Estaing, Count (des-tan(g)'). 97, 9a 
De Ternay (de ter-na'). 102. 
Dieskau, Baron (dees'kow). 64. 
Dinwiddle, Bobert (din-wid'dl). 61, 62. 
Doniphan, Alexander W. (donl- 

fan). 151. 
Dorr, Thomas "W. 144,145. 
Douglas, Stephen A. (dug'las), born 

1813, died 1861. 158. 
Downie, George. 133. 
Drake, Sir Francis, born 1545, died 

1596. 15,16. 
Drummond, Sir Gordon. 132, 133. 
Dunmore, Lord. 86. 
DuFont, Samuel F., born 1803, died 

1865. 177,197. 

Early, Jubal A. 202, 207. 

Eaton, Theophilus (Me-of Hub). 39* 

Eaton, William. 120. 

Elizabeth, Queen, died 1603. 15, 16* 

Endicott, John. 31. 

Farragut, David G., born 1801, died 

1870. 186, 205. 
Ferdinand V., King, died 1516. 9. 
Ferguson, Patrick. 101. 
Field, Cyrus W. 212. 
Fillmore, Millard. 155, 157. 
Fitch, John, born 1743, died 1798. 121. 
Foote, Andrew H. (fo"ot), born 1806. 

died 1863. 179, 183. 
Forbes, John (forbz). 66. 
Forrest, Napoleon B. 198, 199. 
Franklin, Benjamin, born 1706, die, 

1790. 70,77,96,107,109. 



hate, pole, hat, ten, tin, gdod, noon, ow-1, thin, ch-op. matter. 



INDEX OF PERSONS. 



41 



Fremont, John O. 152, 176, 190, 191. 
Pulton, Robert (fdt>l't>n), born 1765, 
died 1815. 121. 

Gage, Thomas. 79,82,86. 
Gates, Horatio. 95, 101, 102. 
George II., King, died 1760. 53, 60. 
George III., King, died 1820. 77, 82. 
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, born 1539, 

died 1584. 16. 
Gillmore, Quincy A. 187, 197, 206. 
Goldsborough, Louis M. (goldz'- 

bur-o). 186. 
Gorges, SirPerdinando(gor'j6z). 3G. 
Gosnold, Bartholomew (goz'nuld). 

16,23. 
Gourgues, Dominique de (goorg, 

do-me-neek' de). 14. 
Grant, Ulysses S. 176, 179, 180, 181, 

194, 195, 198, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 207, 

211, 212. 
Greene, Nathanael, born 1742, died 

1786. 102, 104, 105. 
Gustavus Adolphus, King, died 1632. 

46. 

flalleck, Henry W. 176, 180, 181. 
Hamilton, Alexander, born 1757, died 

1804. 115, 119, 120. 
Hampton, Wade. 127. 130, 132. 
Sancock, John, born 1737, died 1793. 82. 
flarmar, Josiah. 115. 
Harrison, William H-, born 1775, died 

1841. 122, 127, 128, 129, 144. 
Harvard, John, died 1638. 33. 
Henry ; Patrick, born 1736, died 1799. 

76, 77, 86. 
Herkim.tr, Nicholas (her'kl-mer). 94. 
Holmes, William (hdmz). 37. 
flood, John B. (htfbd). 203, 204. 
Hooker, Joseph (hObk'er). 193, 196. 
Hooker, The mas. 38. 
Howard, Oliver O. 210. 
Howe, George Augustus, (brother of 

Admiral Howe rod Sir William). 66. 
Howe, Admiral Lord. 88, 97. 
Howe, Sir Wm. 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 96. 
Howe, Robert. 98. 
Hudson, Henry. 41. 
Hull, Isaac. 126. 
Hull, William. 123,126. 



Hunter, David. 176,201. 
Hutchinson, Mrs. Ann. 32,40. 

Isabella, Queen, died 1504. 9. 

Jackson, Andrew, born 1767, died 1845, 

131, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143. 
Jackson, Claiborne P. (kla'burn), 

175. 
Jackson, Thomas J., born 1826, died 

1863. 189, 190, 191, 192, 193. 
James I., King, died 1625. 17, 29. 
James II., King, died 1701. 35,42, 44,58. 
Jay, John, born 1745, died 1829. 107, 

117. 
Jefferson, Thomas, born 1743, died 

1826. 87, 118, 119, 122, 139. 
Jesup, Thomas S. (jes'up). 142. 
Johnson, Andrew. 205, 208, 210, 211.. 
Johnson, Sir William, born 1715, 

died 1774. 63, 64, 67. 
Johnston, Albert S., born 1803, died 

1862. 180. 
Johnston, Joseph E. 173, 189, 194, 

200, 203, 206, 209. 
Joliet, Louis (jo'll-et or zho-le-a'). 64. 
Jones, Jacob. 127. 
Jones, John Paul, born 1747, died 

1792. 100. 

Kalb. SeeDEKALB. 

Kearny, Philip (kar'nl), born 1815, 

died 1862. 191. 
Kearny, Stephen W. (uncle of Philip), 

born 1794, died 1848. 151, 152. 
Kidd, William. 44. 
Kieft, Sir William (keeft). 42. 
King Philip. 34. 
Kosciusko, Thaddeus (kos-sl-us'ko, 

iAadl-us). 91. 

Lafayette, Marquis de (mar'kwis de 
lah-fa-et'), born 1757, died 1834. 91, 
102, 105, 106, 139. 

Lane, Ralph, 16. 

La Salle (lah sahl')» born about 163& 
died 1687. 54. 

Laurens, Henry. 107. 

Lawrence, James. 131. 

Ledyard, William (lej'urd). 106. 

Lee, Charles. 96. 



hate, pole, hat, ten, tin, g<$bd, noon, owl, thm, ch-op, matter. 



12 



INDEX OF PERSONS. 



Leo, Henry- ". lf5 « 

Lee, Biehard Henry. 87. 

Lee, Robert E. (son of General Henry 

Lee), born 1806, died 1870. 189, 190, 191, 

192, 193, 194, 199, 200, 201, 202, 207, 208. 
Lincoln, Abraham (link'un), born 

1809, died 1865. 161, 169, 170, 193, 205, 

208. 
Lincoln, Benjamin. 98, 99, 100. 
Little Crow. 192. 
Longstreet, James. 197. 
Loudoun, Lord (low'dun). 65. 
Louis XIV., King, died 1715. 54, 58. 
Louis XVI., King, died 1793. 102. 
Lyon, Nathaniel, born 1819, died 1861. 

175. 

Macdonough, Thomas (mak-don'ub), 
born 1784, died 1825. 133. 

Macomb, Alexander (ma-koom'). 133. 

Madison, James, born 1751, died 1836. 
122, 127. 

Magellan, Fernando (ma-jel'lan). 10. 

Marion, Franei3 (mar'I-un), born 1732, 
died 1795. 101, 105. 

Marquette, James (mahr-ket'). 54. 

Mason, John (proprietor of New Hamp- 
shire). 36,37. 

Mason, John (of Connecticut). 38. 

Mason, James M. 178. 

Massasoit (mas-sa-soif). 30. 

McClellan, George B. ./3, 174, 188, 
189, 190, 191, 192. 

McCulloch, Benj. (mak-kul'luh). 175. 

McDowell, Irvin, 173, 189, 190, 191. 

McFherson, James B., born 1828, died 
1864. 203. 

Meade, George G. (meed). 193, 194, 

200. 
Menendez, Pedro (ma-nen'deth, pa'- 

dro). 13, 14. 
Miantonomoh (mi-an-ton'o-mo). 40. 
Miller, James. 132. 
Minuit, Peter (min'u-it). 42, 46. 
Monro, George (mun-ro'). 65. 
Monroe, James (mun-ro'), born 1758, 

diad 1831. 137, 138, 139. 
Montcalm, Marquisde (mont-kahm'), 

born 1712, died 1759. 64, 66, 67, 68. 

ontgomery, Richard (mont-gum'- 
-*), born 1736, died 1775. 85. 



Morgan, Daniel. 95 ; 104. 
Morgan, John H. 197* 
Morris, Lewis. 46. 
Morris, Robert. 103. 
Morse, Samuel F. B. 164 
Moultrie, William (mole' trl) 97. 
Mulligan, James A. 175. 

Narvaez, Pamphilo de (nar-vah'eta 

pahm-fe'lo da). 12. 
Mxcolls, Richard (nik'ulz). 42, 44. 

Oglethorpe, James Edward (o'gl 

thorp). 53, 60. 
Opechancanough(op-e-kan'ka-no).26. 
Osceola (os-se-6'lah). 142. 
Otis, James, born 1725, died 1783. 77. 

Fakenham, Sir Edward (pak'n-am). 

136. 
Parker, Sir Peter. 87. 
Pemberton, John O. 194. 
Penn, William, born 1644, died 1718. 

46, 47, 49, 50, 51. 
Pepperrell, Sir William (pep'er-el), 

born 1697, died 1759. 61. 
Perry, Oliver Hazard, born 1785, died 

1820. 128. 
Phillips, William. 105. 
Phipps, Sir William. 35, 58. 
Pickens, Andrew. 98. 
Pierce, Franklin (peerce), born 1804. 

died 1869. 157, 158, 159. 
Pike, Zebulon Montgomery. 129. 
Pinckney, Charles O, born 1746, died 

1825, 118. 
Pitcairn, John (pit'karn). 82. 
Pitt, William, 1st Earl of Chatham, 

born 1708, died 1778. 65, 77. 
Pizarro, Francisco (pe-zar'ro). 11. 
Pocahontas (po-ka-hon'tas). 24. 
Polk, James K. (poke), born 1798 

died 1849. 145, 146, 154. 
Polk, Leonidas (le-on'I-das). 176. 
Ponce de Leon (pone'tha da la-one') 

born about 1460, died 1521. 11, 12. 
Pontiac (pon'te-ak). 69. 
Pope, John, 183, 191. 
Popham, George (pop'am). 28. 
Porter, David (por'ter). 134. 
Porter, David D. (son of Com. Datm 

Porter). 186, 194, 199, 205. 



Uite, pole, hat, ten, tin, gdod, noon, ow-1, thin, ch-op, matter. 



INDEX OF PERSONS. 



43 



Porter, Fits- John. 189. 
Powhatan (pow-hii-tan'). 24. 
Preblo, Edward (preb'l). 120 
Prescott, "William. 84. 
Prevost, Augustine (pre'vost, aw- 

gus'tin). 98. 
Prevost, Sir George (son of Gen. 

Augustine Prevost). 130, 133. 
Price, Sterling. 175, 181, 182, 204. 
Prideaux, John (prid'o), 67. 
Proctor, Henry A. 128, 129. 
Pulaski, Count (pu-las'kl). 91, 99. 
Putnam, Israel, born 1718, died 1790. 

88. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter (raw'll), born 

1552, died 1618. 16. 
Rawdon, Lord Francis. 105. 
Riall, Phineas (ri'al). 132. 
Ribault, John (re-bo'). 14. 
Rochambeau. See Db Bochambeau. 
Rodgers, John. 123. 
Rolfe, John (rolf). 24. 
Rosecrans, William S. (roz'krantz). 

174, 175, 181, 182, 195, 196. 
Ross, Robert. 131. 

Santa Anna (san'tah an'nah). 150, 153, 

154. 
Bay and Seal, Lord. 37, 38. 
Bchofleld, John M. (sko'feeld). 204, 

200. 
Schuyler, Philip (ski'ler), born 1733, 

died 1804. 85,93,95. 
Scott, Dred. 1G0. 
Scott, Winneld, born 1786, died 1866: 

126, 132, 150, 152, 153, 171, 174. 
Bemmes, Raphael (semz, rafa-el). 

178, 205. 
Seward, William H. 208. 
Shays, Daniel, 109. 
Sheridan, Philip H. 202, 207, 208. 
Sherman, Thomas W. 177. 
Sherman, William T. 183, 196, 197, 

198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 206, 209. 
Shirley, William. 64. 
Sigel, Franz (seeg'el). 20t. 
Slemmer, Adam J. 161, 162. 
Slidell, John (sli-del'). 178. 
Sloat, John D. 152. 
Smith, E. Kir by. 181. 



Smith, Capt. John, born 1579 died 

1631. 24,25,28. 
Standish, Miles. 30. 
Stanton, Edwin II., born 1814. died 

1869. 211. 
Stark John. 94. 
St. Clair, Arthur. 93, 115. 
Steele, Frederick (steel). 195. 
Steuben, Baron (stu'ben or stoi'bcn • 

born 1730, died 1794. 91. 
Stevens, Isaac I. (ste'vnz). 191. 
Stewart, Alexander. 105. 
Stewart, Charles, born 1778, died 1869, 

137. 
St. Leger, Barry (sant Icj'er). 94. 
Stockton, Robert F. 152. 
Stone, Charles P. 174. 
Stoneman, George. 207. 
St. Pierre (sant pe-are')- 62, 
Stringham, Silas H- (string'am). 177 
Stuyvesant, Peter (sti'ves-ant), born 

1602, died 1682. 42, 43, 47. 
Sullivan, John, born 1740, died 1795. 

97, 100. 
Sumter, Thomas. 101, 105. 



Taney, Roger B. (taw'nl), born 1777, 

died 1864. 160. 
Tarleton, Banastre (tarl'tnn, ban'as- 

tr). 101, 104, 106. 
Taylor, Zachary, born 1784, died 1850 

143, 146, 148, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157. 
Tecumseh (te-kum's£). 122, 129, 131. 
Ternay. See De Ternay. 
Terry, Alfred H. (tSr'ri). 205, 200. 
Thatcher, Henry K. 207. 
Thomas, George H. (tom'us), born 

1816, died 1870. 179, 196, 204, 207. 
Thornton, SethB. 148. 
Tryon, William (tri'un). 90, 99. 
Twiggs, David 22. 162. 
Tyler, John, born 1790, died 1862. 144, 

145. 

Van Buren, Martin, born 1782, die J 

1862. 143, 144. 
Van Dorn, Earl. 181, 182. 
Van Rensselaer, Stephen (renVel- 

er). 126. 
Van Twiller, Wouter (wowtw). 4a 



kite, pole* hat, tin, tin, good, noon owl, tUn, ch-op, matt*. 



14 



INDEX OF PERSONS. 



Vespticei, Amerigo (vea-poot'che, 

ah-ma-re'go). 10. 
Verrasszano, John (vSr-rat-sab/no). 13. 

Wadsworth, Joseph. 40. 
Wallace, Lewis (wol'lis). 202. 
Warren, Joseph, born 1741, died 1775. 

85. 
Warwick, Earl of. 37. 
Washington, George, born 1732, died 

1799. 62, 63, 66, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 

92, 93, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 

109, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119. 
Wayne, Anthony (wane, an'to-nl), 

born 1745, died 1796. 99, 115. 
Webb, Daniel. 65. 
Webster, Daniel, born 1782, died 1852. 

141, 157. 
White, John. 16. 
Wilkes, Charles (wIlkB). 178. 
Wilkinson, James. 130, 132. 



William HI., King (husband of Mi 

ry), died 1702. 35, 48, 58. 
Williams, Koger, born 1606, died 168C 

32, 40. 
Wilson, James H. 207, 209. 
Wingfield, Edward Maria. 24. 
Winchester, James. 127. 
Winslow, Edward (winz'lo). 30, 
Winslow, John A. 205. 
Winthrop, John (win'ttrup), borj 

1588, died 1649. 31. 
Winthrop, John (son of Gov. Johi 

Winthrop of Mass.). 38. 
Wolfe, James (wdblf), born 1726, die< 

1759. 67,68. 
Wool, John E. (wdol), born 1789, died 

1869. 126, 150, 189. 
Worth, William J. 154. 

Yeardley, Sir George (yard'll). 25. 
Young, Brigham (brig'am). 159. 



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